Dryness of environment (VPD) from July through September 2009-2010-2011 ...18,000 values

1. Development of environmental and plant temperature seasonal phenotypes using a “time surface” approach. Preliminary analysis of cotton in Lubbock Texas for 2009, 2010 and 2011 growing seasons.James Mahan USDA-ARS Lucia Barbato TTUSantosh Seshadri TTU

2. Agricultural yield is the product of metabolic activity of the plant that accumulates over the course of ~100days. Over this period the environment varies continuously and the plant in turn responds. Physiologists study plant responses to the environment over time. Intervals for monitoring responses vary from minutes to weeks. We need to understand the plant’s response over time. The “pathway” to yield.

3. When measured on sub-hour time scales, even relatively simple experiments can generate large numbers of observations. 2009/2010 76 days X 100 points/day X 20 variables X 2 years ~ 300,000 measurements 2011/2012 150 days X 100 points/day X 112 plant variables X 2 years ~50,000 environment measurements ~3,000,000 plant measurements

4. Dryness of environment (VPD) from July through September 2009-2010-2011 ...18,000 values Text

5. Can we change this representation into something that accentuates the “pathway to yield”...what happens over time?

6. VPD from July through September 2009-2010-2011 ...18,000 values Y= Time of Day Z= VPD 90 X = Day of Year

7. Z= VPD Y= Time of Day Z= VPD 90 Y= Time of Day X = Day of Year X = Day of Year Load this into GIS Voila! a seasonal “time surface”

8. Z= VPD Y= Time of Day X = Day of Year Seasonal VPD “time surface” this is not space...this is time... a visual representation of the growing season. This time surface contains 65 days of VPD data at a 15min interval. Late July through September.

9. GIS-based time surfacesdemo

10. 2009 2009, 2010, 2011 “Environmental Phenotype” 2010 2011 air T Z= Variable of choice VPD 180,000 observations relative humidity dew point Y= Time of Day X = Day of Year rain 4” soil T 8” soil T radiation 2m windspeed 10m windspeed

11. Soil Temperatures 4” and 8” Note the elevated soil temperatures in 2011 These are July temperatures 2010 2009 2011 4 inches 8 inches Note the reduced soil temperatures in 2009 and 2011 and the higher values in 2010.

12. air T 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 VPD relative humidity dew point rain 4” soil T 8” soil T radiation 2m windspeed 10m windspeed

13. air T VPD relative humidity dew point rain 4” soil T 8” soil T radiation 2m windspeed 10m windspeed 2009 2010 2011 2009 and 2011 environment became milder in late season. 2010 it stayed harsh.

14. From the environment to the crop

15. 2009 2010 2011 AT 2009 2010 2011 0mm CT 1.5mm CT 3mm CT 6mm CT Air and Canopy Temperatures 4 Irrigation Regimes 180,000 observations

16. 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 Canopy Temp minus Air Temp 4 Irrigation Regimes 0mmCT-AT 1.5mm CT-AT 3mm CT-AT 6mm CT-AT environmental stress

17. 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 Canopy Temp minus 28°C 4 Irrigation Regimes 0mmCT-28 1.5mm CT-28 3mm CT-28 6mm CT-28 metabolic stress

18. 2009 2010 2011 CT-28°C 0mm CT-AT 2009 2010 2011 1.5mm 3mm 6mm Canopy temp compared in 4 Irrigation Regimes metabolic stress environmental stress

19. CT-28°C 0mm CT-AT 1.5mm 3mm 6mm Canopy temp compared in 4 Irrigation Regimes 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 metabolic stress environmental stress

20. GIS-based time surfaces • • simple to create • • based on off-the-shelf GIS technology • • creation can be automated • • can handle lots of observations • • interactive nature facilitates data exploration • • “instructive” views are easy to capture • • possibly useful for initial data examination • • multiple perspectives are easy to achieve

21. GIS-based time surfaces • • are they anything more than pretty pictures? • • easy to create artifacts • • numerical analysis still required • • ???

22. GIS-based time surfaces... next step • • we will create a protocol for automation • • our 2011 and 2012 data sets will produce 400 time surfaces • • we are open to ideas • • we are looking for fruitful datasets

23. GIS-based time surfaces • Santosh has his laptop with the GIS on it and if you want to, you can play around with the data. • Find him...he leaves tonight. • Thank you for your attention. • Questions??

24. GIS-based time surfaces

25. ATvpd 0mm CTvpd 1.5mm CTvpd 3mm CTvpd 6mm CTvpd VPD... air temp vpd (ATvpd) and canopy temp vpd (CTvpd) 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 180,000 observations

26. 2009 2010 2011 ATvpd 2009 2010 2011 0mm CTvpd 1.5mm CTvpd 3mm CTvpd 6mm CTvpd Top View End View VPD... air temp vpd (ATvpd) and canopy temp vpd (CTvpd)

27. air T VPD relative humidity dew point rain 4” soil T 8” soil T radiation 2m windspeed 10m windspeed 2009 2010 2011 2011 Hotter & Drier

28. Agriculture is a big number field, has been for years... ask a breeder... ask a soil scientist... ask a precision ag scientist. Physiologists can generate big data...some question about how to interpret. Big cigars probably won’t help

29. Soil temperature and windspeed from April through November 2009 hourly values. ~ 10,000 measurements

30. 2009, 2010, 2011 “Environmental Phenotype” air T VPD Z= Variable of choice relative humidity 180,000 observations dew point rain Y= Time of Day 4” soil T X = Day of Year 8” soil T radiation 2m windspeed 10m windspeed 2009 2010 2011

31. 2009, 2010, 2011 “Environmental Phenotype” air T VPD Z= Variable relative humidity 180,000 observations dew point rain X = Day of Year 4” soil T 8” soil T radiation 2m windspeed 10m windspeed 2009 2010 2011