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The English Renaissance: Celebrating Humanity: 1485-1625

The English Renaissance: Celebrating Humanity: 1485-1625. Life in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. London expanded greatly as a city People moved in from rural areas and from other European countries Strict class system Busy and crowded; lots of commerce, craftsmen

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The English Renaissance: Celebrating Humanity: 1485-1625

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  1. The English Renaissance:Celebrating Humanity: 1485-1625

  2. Life in Elizabethan and Jacobean England • London expanded greatly as a city • People moved in from rural areas and from other European countries • Strict class system • Busy and crowded; lots of commerce, craftsmen • Grew into substantial port and admired European city Southwark: suburb known for its “vice” – theaters, gaming, prostitution, etc. London was a cesspool—“The Thames was a beautiful sewer” and disease and criminals ran wild.

  3. The ground sloped toward the river so that human and animal waste would – drain down to the river. It worked, mostly. London & The Thames Architecture: Theatres

  4. Punishment for Offenses against the State: - hanged until half dead, then taken down and quartered alive; members and bowels cut from their bodies, and thrown into a fire, provided near hand and within their own sight, even for the same purpose • Other Less Serious Offenses: - murder: hanging till dead - theft: stocked, then whipped; pressed to death; branded - suicide: stake driven through their hearts Crime & Punishment

  5. The London Bills of Mortality • main source of mortality statistics of plague deaths fm. 1600s-1830s (1/3 pop. dies in London) • used as way of warning about plague epidemics • made in London after outbreak of plague in 1592 • After the 1603 outbreak, they were made on a weekly basis • gave everybody information as to increases or decreases in number of deaths. • collected by Parish Clerks and published every week I’m baaack…

  6. Four serious outbreaks of the disease occurred in 1563, 1593 , 1603 and 1608. • Theatres (The Globe, The Swan, and The Rose) closed in the summer months. • In 1563, Queen Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle + had gallows erected to hang anyone arriving from London. • In 1563, in London = over 20,000 people died • In 1665 the Great Plague of London killed 16% of pop. (17,500out of the population of 93,000) • The same outbreak of 1563 claimed 80,000 people in England • December 1592-December 1593 Stow (Elizabethan archivist) reported 10,675 plague deaths in London, a city of approximately 200,000 people How many times do we have to go through this???

  7. Family lost to the plague: sisters Joan, Margaret ( just babies) and Anne (aged 7) brother Edmund (aged 27) only son Hamnet (aged 11) Conditions in London : no sewage system waste just dumped into the River Thames Life expectancy = 35 yrs. How did the plague affect the hero of our tale?

  8. Smallpox: high fever, vomiting, excessive bleeding, and pus-filled scabs that leave deep pitted scars • Syphilis: (pox) no antibiotics meant fever, body aches, blindness, full body pustules, meningitis, insanity, and leaking heart valves. • Typhus: Crowded, filthy conditions,/near total lack of bathing = body lice that defecated on skin when scratched. Just one minor cut/sore for the typhus infected feces to enter bloodstream>high fever, delirium, and gangrenous sores. • Malaria: (ague) fever, unbearable chills, vomiting, enlarged liver, low blood pressure, seizures, and coma Shakespeare's London: - overcrowded, rat-infested, sexually promiscuous, with raw sewage flowing in Thames, was hub for the nastiest diseases known to man. Here are the worst of the worst. And don’t forget the plague! What a fun place…

  9. What next? FIRE? Are you KIDDING me????? How does anybody survive this place?

  10. September 2, 1666: a small fire on Pudding Lane, in bakery of Thomas Farynor, baker to King Charles II • baker and his family escaped but fear-struck maid perished in the blaze • most London houses = wood and pitch construction, dangerously flammable, and the fire spread to hay/feed piles on the yard of the Star Inn at Fish Street Hill, took off • strong wind sent sparks igniting Church of St. Margar + then spread to riverside warehouses + wharves filled with hemp, oil, tallow, hay, timber, coal and spirits…

  11. Renaissance= rebirth • Rebirth of: • interest in learning, especially that of ancient Greece and Rome • civilization in general • arts and sciences • Reaction to “Dark Ages” of medieval • Europe • Movement away from the restrictions • of the Church Remember that creepy Pardoner?

  12. Historically speaking… UK represent! Exploration by sea: John Cabot, 1497 Religious rifts: New sense of nationalism prompted many to question ethics in and teachings of Church Questioning of Papal authority and Scripture Erasmus (Dutch) – version of New Testament Thomas More – Utopia Protestant Reformation sparked by Martin Luther’s 95 theses

  13. The Monarchy: strengthening themselves and the nation Henry VII: • Catholic • Restorer of national economy and prestige of • monarchy Henry VIII: • Catholic, at first… • Supports Pope against religious dissenters • (“Defender of the Faith”) • But… • Church’s refusal to annul his marriage leads to break from Catholicism • Dissolves Church ownership of property, monasteries • Has Thomas More executed for refusing to renounce Catholic faith • Marries 6 times • Fathers Elizabeth and Mary; has a son, Edward, with his 3rd wife, Jane Seymour

  14. More Tudor action… Edward, Henry VIII’s son, rules from the ages of 9-15 (whatever; that’s like a 7th grader ruling your country) • Parliament drastically changes religious practices • English replaces Latin • Book of Common Prayer required in public worship England is on its way to becoming a Protestant nation until… We’re back, baby! Mary I takes throne • Restores Roman practices to Church of England • Restores authority of Pope over English Church • Known as “Bloody Mary” for ordering execution of about 300 Protestants And I could use a drink. Make it a…hmm… Mary rules for 5 years, and then…

  15. Cate BlanchettElizabeth I takes the throne! • Classically educated; patron of the arts • Reinstated monarch’s rule over Church of England, ending religious turmoil • Established climate of religious compromise • Known as one of the best rulers in English history • Spoiler alert! Dies in 1603 Hey, I wonder if that’s where they got the name for the Elizabethan period… Elizabeth… arrgh… The Mary Stuart problem: • Catholics considered Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, rightful heir to throne of England (marriage annulment issues) • Imprisoned by cousin, Elizabeth, for 18 years • Hatched numerous Catholic plots against her • Elizabeth let her live, punished Catholics • Parliament insisted on beheading Mary in 1587 I rule! (literally and figuratively)

  16. Life after Elizabeth…the Stuarts James I (well, James VI of Scotland, but James I of England) • Son of Mary Stuart • Named by Elizabeth as her successor • Protestant • “Jacobean” era (from Latin for James) • Expanded England’s position as world power (colony in VA) • Believed in “divine right” of monarchs • Power struggles with Parliament • Persecuted Puritans (who migrated to Plymouth Colony) Hey, I wonder if that’s where they got the name for Jamestown… Smell you later, Jimmy! I may have divine right, but this outfit is just wrong…

  17. Finally, the good stuff… Renaissance Poetry • Sonnet cycle: A series of sonnets, usually fit loosely together to form a story • Big men on campus: Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare • Two major rhyme schemes: Petrarchan/Italian and Shakespearean • Shakespearean rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg Lyric over narrative poetry Psst! Lyric poem: a short poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who expresses thought and feeling. Sonnets! Yeah! Psst! Sonnet: 14 lines, iambic pentameter, various rhyme schemes. Word! Many sonnets consist of 8 lines setting up one idea, 4 lines responding to that idea, and a concluding couplet at the end. Rock and roll!

  18. Pastoral poetry • Idealized rustic simplicity of rural life • Heavy hitters: Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh I’m a poet, soldier, explorer, historian and member of the Royal Court. I am The Man - the true Renaissance man! Hey, I wonder if that’s where they got the name for Raleigh, NC…

  19. Renaissance Drama Turned away from religious focus and toward classical Greek and Roman tragedies and dramas Christopher Marlowe: First major dramatist (1580s) Shakespeare (1564-1616) • Started as actor • Famous playwright by 1592 • 37 Plays: most can be categorized as tragedy, comedy, or history • Deep understanding of what it means to be human helps maintain popularity People say that if I’d lived past 30 I might have eclipsed Shakespeare as England’s greatest playwright! Dang! And I might have gotten credit for stuff you wrote! Too bad, suckah!

  20. Renaissance Prose Which is the more satisfying bacon: pioneering English author or tasty breakfast meat? Not as popular as poetry Names to drop: Sidney, Raleigh and Thomas Nashe Sir Francis Bacon: essays, science, philosophy King James Bible • Translated Latin Bible into English • Huge achievement—probably most important in English Renaissance • 54 scholars worked 7 years! • Influential, used to this day

  21. 1485: Thomas More publishes Utopia • 1534: Church of England established • 1535: Thomas More executed • 1549: The Book of Common Prayer issued • 1558: Elizabeth I becomes Queen • 1563: More plague: 20,000 Londoners die • 1564: Shakespeare is born! Important Dates

  22. 1594: Shakespeare writes Romeo and Juliet • 1599: The Globe Theater opens • 1603: Queen Elizabeth I dies; James I becomes King of England. • 1606: Guy Fawkes executed for Gunpowder Plot • 1607: Royal Colony of Jamestown established • 1611: King James Bible published • 1616: Shakespeare dies • 1620: Pilgrims land on Plymouth Rock • 1625: King James I dies. Important Dates (Cont.)

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