BIOLOGY SOL BLAST

1. BIOLOGY SOL BLAST

2. HOMEOSTASIS stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment

3. ENZYMES help organisms maintain homeostasis; increase the speed of chemical reactions; fit with substrate like a lock and key substrate active site enzyme

4. IN AN EXPERIMENT . . . Control group • comparison group • what the experimenter changes • the variable that is measured Independent variable Dependent variable Remember . . . Only test one variable at a time. Can you name the cells to the left?

5. Cell Organelles Mitochondria “mighty mitochondria” • powerhouse; produces ATP • where proteins are made • lipid bilayer; controls what enters and leaves cell • contains chlorophyll; needed for photosynthesis Ribosome Cell Membrane Chloroplast

6. WATER • Polar • Universal solvent • High heat of vaporization • Less dense in its solid form Water has cohesive and adhesive properties allowing for capillary action to take place in trees. cohesion Water sticks to itself adhesion Water sticks to other substances

7. Hyper-shrinks Hypo=expands Hypertonic Hypotonic _________ = cell shrinks __________ = cell expands Diffusion movement of substances from a high to low concentration Osmosis movement of water from a high to low concentration

8. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Two Types: -requires oxygen (produces 36 ATP) -does not require oxygen (produces 2 ATP) transfer of energy in organic compounds to ATP AEROBIC ANAEROBIC What is used in cellular respiration is produced in photosynthesis---what is used in photosynthesis is produced in cellular respiration.

9. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2 What is the main purpose of photosynthesis? Produces food (C6H12O6 - glucose) for the plant Takes in which gas? Releases which gas? Carbon Dioxide Oxygen

10. MITOSIS • Somatic (body cell) division • DNA must replicate before • division takes place • Results=2 diploid cells

11. MEIOSIS • Gamete (sex cell) division • Results = 4 haploid cells When fertilization takes place, 2 haploid cells (sperm and egg) unite to create what? 1 diploid cell

12. PUNNETT SQUARE diagram used to predict the probable outcome of a genetic cross B = pink b = white GENOTYPIC RATIO: PHENOTYPIC RATIO: BB = bb = Bb = 1:2:1 3:1 Homozygous dominant Homozygous recessive Heterozygous

13. DNA DNA is made of nucleotides which are made of: 1. 2. 3. (A-T, C-G) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogen bases

14. RNA A - T A- U DNA G - C G - C CTA = GAT TAC = AUG

15. DNA REPLICATION

16. How are proteins made? A chain of amino acids = protein Amino Acids tRNA ANTICODON mRNA CODON ribosome

17. If given the codon, AAC, what is the amino acid the tRNA will bring to the mRNA?

18. Famous names in the discovery of DNA • Double Helix Structure- • X-Ray Diffraction to determine structure- • Base-pairing rules- Watson & Crick Franklin Chargoff

19. VIRUS What is this? Is it living? No

20. Lytic Cycle Bacteriophage   Host Cell Bacterial DNA   Capsid Viral Nucleic Acid 

21. KINGDOMS OF LIFE -No cell walls -Cell walls of cellulose -Cell walls of chitin

22. What are the two types of cells? Eukaryotic Prokaryotic What organisms are eukaryotic? What organisms are prokaryotic? animals, plants, fungi, and protists bacteria

23. Bacteria • Unicellular • Prokarytotic • Eubacteria / Archaebacteria • Cell Wall • Reproduce Sexually or Asexually (Binary Fission) • Remember Sexual reproduction is the best because it creates variation in the species.

24. Protists What do Paramecium move with? Cilia • Unicellular or Multicellular • Most diverse group • First eukaryotes • “Catch-all Group” • Plant-like, Fungus-like, Animal-like • Can be Heterotrophic and/or • Autotrophic What do Amoeba move with? Pseudopodia What do Euglena move with? Flagellum

25. Fungi • Unicellular or Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic-absorption • Cell walls made of chitin • Reproduce sexually or asexually (spores) • Visible portion is reproductive structure and body is mass of hyphae (mycelium)

26. Plants • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Autotrophic • Nonmotile • Cell wall= Cellulose • Starch

27. Animals • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • No cell walls • 95% Invertebrates • 5% Vertebrates

28. Isolation • Condition in which two populations of the same species cannot breed with one another • Geographic-separated by a physical feature (i.e. canyon) • Reproductive-can no longer mate with each other (i.e. different mating times, physical differences, no longer attracted to the other)

29. NATURAL SELECTION Process by which populations change in response to their environment as individuals better adapted to the environment survive and reproduce and pass those favorable characteristics on Who was the scientist who developed this theory? Darwin

30. Dichotomous Key

31. PRIMARY SUCCESSION What are the first organisms to colonize a new site (i.e. bare rock)? pioneer species SECONDARY SUCCESSION What is the name of a mature, stable community? climax community

32. Food Web

33. 1 10 100 1000

34. NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS Heterotroph • Organism that cannot make its own food; must consume food • Examples: animals, fungi, some bacteria and protists (decomposers, herbivore, omnivores, carnivores) • Organism that can produce its own food; usually by photosynthesis • Examples: plants, some bacteria and some protists Autotroph

35. Read each question carefully. • Go with your first instinct. • If you don’t understand the question, try visualizing it or sketching it. • With graphs and diagrams, most likely the answer is in the question . • Make this the last time you look at the Biology SOL!