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Advances in Genetic Technology: Selective Breeding and Genetic Engineering

adelio avatar
adelio
28 diapositives · 419 Views · Sep 07, 2014

This chapter explores the role of selective breeding and genetic engineering in enhancing organism traits. Selective breeding allows humans to combine genes from two organisms to achieve desirable characteristics in offspring, often resulting in hybrids that are larger and healthier. In contrast, genetic engineering involves inserting specific genes into the DNA of organisms, leading to the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). These technologies enable better resistance to diseases and pests in plants and can produce medicines through modified bacteria and animals, making the process more efficient and less risky than traditional methods.

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  1. Genetic Technology Chapter 13

  2. A. Selective Breeding- humans choose which organisms combine genes to produce offspring. • Humans hope to get the best characteristics of both parents • Hybrids (mixed genes) are usually bigger and healthier. • Inbreeding can maintain pure traits but can concentrate genetic problems.

  3. B. Genetic Engineering- inserting genes from one organism into the DNA of another. • Recombinant DNA- connecting pieces of DNA from different sources (ex. Human insulin gene in bacteria) • Transgenic organism (GMO= genetically modified organisms)- organism that contains foreign DNA. ex. The bacteria that has a human gene in it. • Why?

  4. Corn smut

  5. 3. Why? • Fast-reproducing bacteria can produce medicine (insulin, growth hormone); industrial products (artificial sweeteners) or decompose oil. • Plants can be improved to be frost, pest, or disease resistant; medicines or extra nutrients can be produced in food plants. • Transgenic animals can be made disease resistant or produced for genetic research. Less costly and dangerous than traditional breeding.

  6. FDA = Food and Drug Administration …an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacc products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), and veterinary products. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration

  7. GMO = Genetically Modified Organisms

  8. 4. How? • Restriction enzymes are used to cut out the desired gene. They are designed to cut a specific DNA sequence. Blunt ends and sticky ends are produced.

  9. Gel electrophoresis- pieces of DNA are separated by size. Electricity pulls them through the gel; smaller pieces move faster and farther.

  10. Host DNA is also cut with the same restriction enzyme. • Gene splicing occurs when DNA fragments are joined together. • A marker is added so you can tell the difference between regular and recombinant organisms.