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Site Testing at San Pedro Mártir Observatory

The San Pedro Mártir Observatory, located 70 km from the Sierra at an elevation of 2800 meters, is situated in a pine tree area surrounded by desert. This facility provides significant climatological data, including sky transparency, cloud characteristics, and humidity metrics collected over a decade. Measurements reveal a median optical depth comparable to Mauna Kea and effective monitoring of atmospheric turbulence using advanced telescopes. Key findings include wind profiles, seeing conditions, and humidity data vital for research and astronomical observations.

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Site Testing at San Pedro Mártir Observatory

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  1. Site Testing at San Pedro Mártir Observatory Remy Avila

  2. SPM Where is it ?

  3. Where is it precisely ? ~ 70 km • San Pedro Mártir Sierra • 2800 m above sea level • Pine tree area surrounded by desert

  4. SPM 60 km 60 km Orography Elena Masciadri

  5. Some Climatological Data • From 10 yrs of weather statisctics (Tapia 1992): • Sky transparency: 56.7 % photometric, 80.4% spectroscopic • Clouds: similar to La Silla, Tololo, slightly better than Mauna Kea • Optical depth at 215 GHz (Hiriart et al. 1997): • Median: 0.22 -> comparable to Mauna Kea • 210 days of measurements

  6. Humidity at the Site (from 21 months) night summer winter 21 months of data Michel et al. 2001

  7. Wind at the Site (from 2 months) • 2 months of data: • January, February 2000 • Confirmed by • Alvarez 1969 • Echevarría 1998 • Conan 2001 Michel et al. 2001

  8. CN2(h)Monitoring with Generalized Scidar 2.1m telescope, 21 March 1997 1.5m telescope, 8 May 2000 20 10-15 15 10-15 10-16 Altitude above sea level (km) 10 CN2(h) ( m-2/3 ) 10-17 5 10-16 0 10-18 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 UT UT Observatory altitude

  9. 20 15 Altitude above sea level (km) 10 5 0 10-18 10-17 10-16 10-15 Median Turbulence Profiles 1997 2000 Bars limits: 1st and 3rd quartiles 1.5mT 10-18 10-17 10-16 10-15 20 15 2.1mT Altitude above sea level (km) 10 5 0 10-18 10-15 10-18 10-15 CN2(h) ( m-2/3 ) CN2(h) ( m-2/3 )

  10. Seeing Near the Ground and in the Free Atm. Near the Ground (1st Km) Free atmosphere Total Median: 0.50 0.29 Median: 1.17 1.08 Median: 0.94 0.98 1.5mT 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 With a mean dome seeing: 0.41¨ 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Median: 0.56 0.53 Median: 0.44 0.61 Median: 0.77 0.89 2.1mT 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Seeing (arcsec) Seeing (arcsec) Seeing (arcsec) SPM 97 SPM 2000

  11. Wind profiles Monitoring 2.1m telescope, 21 March 1997 Wind speed Turbulence strength 1.5m telescope, 8 May 2000 20 10-15 15 10-15 10-16 0 6 13 20 26 33 40 m/s 10 CN2(h) ( m-2/3 ) 10-17 5 10-16 10-18 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 UT UT Observatory altitude

  12. Outer scale Conan et al. 2001

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