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The Cold War, 1945-1989

The Cold War, 1945-1989. A Bipolar Geopolitical World after World War II. Root of the Cold War. U.S. Point of View Soviet “spheres of influence” in E. Europe Yalta Conference: Democratic elections? Eastern Germany: Zones of Occupation United Nations Resistance to democracy

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The Cold War, 1945-1989

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  1. The Cold War, 1945-1989 A Bipolar Geopolitical World after World War II

  2. Root of the Cold War • U.S. Point of View • Soviet “spheres of influence” in E. Europe • Yalta Conference: Democratic elections? • Eastern Germany: Zones of Occupation • United Nations • Resistance to democracy • “Iron Curtain”, Churchill • Soviet expansion, Fulton, MO • Soviet Point of View • No western front early enough • Frozen out of the Atomic project • No lend-lease after 1945 • Eastern Europe as a “buffer zone”

  3. Map of the Postwar World • Bretton Woods Conference and the International Monetary Fund • International bank for war recovery and development • Soviets don’t participate • United Nations • Yalta Conference, “Big Three” • World organization • Dumbarton Oaks Conference, August 1944 • Basis for United Nations Charter • San Francisco Conference, April 25, 1945 • Security Council

  4. What About Germany? • Nuremberg Trials • Potsdam Conference • “Denazifing Germany • 22 Nazi’s tried, 12 executed • Partition of Germany • Division of Berlin • Eastern Germany created by Soviets

  5. …and Japan? • Reconstruction and Democracy • Douglas MacArthur • “hero of the Philippines” • War crimes trial • 7 executed, 18 prison • Becomes an economic power house • No military allowed • Division of Korea, 38th

  6. George Kennan and “Containment” • Soviet expansionism • Eastern Europe, Germany, Middle East • Truman Doctrine • Greece and Turkey • Defines foreign policy for next 20 years • Israel, 1948 • Marshall Plan, 1947 • Western Europe • Soviet criticism • Organization of American States (OAS) • Spread of communism in Latin America

  7. US Government Reorganization and Rearmament • National Security Act, 1947 • Dept. of Defense • NSC and CIA • NSC 68 • Fall of China, large scale build up of US military • Peacetime Draft, 1948 • Voice of America • Behind the Iron Curtain • Atomic Energy Commission • Civilian control, president sole authority

  8. The Cold War Begins! • Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949 • Soviet blockades West Berlin • American “airlift” • Had the Atomic Bomb, 1945 • Lifting of blockade, 1949 • Got the Bomb in in 1949!

  9. Truman’s Second Term and Cold War, 1948-1952 (Secretary of State Dean Acheson) • NATO • Collective security in Western Europe • Response to Berlin Blockade • CENTO, SEATO, and ANZUS • Warsaw Pact, 1955 • Fall of China, 1949 • Mao takes over and spreads communism • Hydrogen Bomb, 1952 • Bikini Islands • Soviets, 1953 • End of mankind?

  10. The Korean War, 1950-1953 North Korea Invades, June 1950 • NSC-68 • Massive military build up • UN Security Council • Vote, Soviet Union absent! • Douglas MacArthur • Inchon and Pusan • Yalu River and the Chinese • “Limited War” • Cease Fire • Repatriation • Succeed in “containment”

  11. Cold War At Home, A Second Red Scare • Truman’s First Term, 1945-1948 • Taft-Hartley, 1947 • Veto, passed by Congress • 80 Day “cooling off”, outlawed “closed shop” • Civil Rights • “To Secure These Rights” • Segregation of the Armed Forces • Jackie Robinson • Presidential Succession Act, 1947 • In case of nuclear war • 22nd Amendment, 1951 • Limited president to two terms

  12. Anti-Communist Crusade • Smith Act, 1940 • Illegal to advocate government overthrow • Communists sent to prison • HUAC indicts Algier Hiss, 1947 • Richard Nixon vs. Hiss (prominent New Dealer) • Truman’s Loyalty Program • Loyality Review Board (Loyalty oaths) • FBI goes after “Reds” • McCarran Internal Security Bill, 1950 • Communists must register with Attorney General • President detains “suspicious persons” • Truman Veto, passed by Congress • The Rosenbergs, 1954 • McCarthyism • Communists in the State Department and Military • Truman should be impeached

  13. Election of 1948 and the “Vital Center” • Dewey vs. Truman • Republicans want reduction of New Deal • Truman “Fair Deal” • Minimum wage, new TVAs, Farm support, extension of Social Security, Civil Rights • Vital Center, 1948-1968 • Three major componets • Anti-communism and containment • Economic growth good for all • Variety of ideas can exist in American society

  14. American Society in the Postwar Era • GI Bill of Rights • Servicemen’s Readjustment Act • Baby Boom • Economic, social, and political effect • Economic Boom- “The Affluent Society” • Income doubled • 40% wealth, 6% population • Sunbelt versus Frostbelt • War industries and air conditioning

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