The Cold War 1945-1989

1. The Cold War1945-1989

2. What is the Cold War • It was an intense rivalry between the United States and Russia – between West and East and between capitalism and communism that dominated the years following WW II.

3. Words of Wisdom • Winston Churchill; “Germany is finished. The real problem is Russia. I can’t get Americans to see it.” -- 1945

4. Cold vs. Hot • It is called the “Cold” War because there was never any direct attack made by the U.S. or Soviet Union on each other.

5. Yalta Conference • The Big Three meet – Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin • Divided Germany into four zones • Problem: Poland! Roosevelt wanted a guarantee of free elections and Stalin wanted complete control of Poland • The issue of Poland would not go away

6. The United Nations • The Big Three all agreed on establishing this international peace keeping organization following WWII • Goal: to promote justice and cooperation • Permanent headquarters established in New York in 1953. Remind you of anything??

7. FDR dies; Truman Takes Command • FDR died on April 12, 1945 • Truman, his Vice President for only a few months, became the leader of our country

8. Conflicting Postwar Goals • Americans: wanted democracy and economic opportunities for the countries of Europe and Asia • Soviets:Wanted to rebuild their nation in order to protect their own interests. They wanted to establish satellite nations, countries controlled by the Soviets along the western boundaries of the Soviet Union. Stalin wanted to overthrow capitalism around the world and install Communist governments.

9. Satellite Nations • Like dominoes, one by one countries in Eastern Europe fell to Stalin and communism • Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Albania.

10. The Iron Curtain • A phrase coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 it refers to the division between Communist and non-Communist nations • Became symbol of division between East and West

13. Containment • U.S. policy developed by George Kennan • The U.S. could not do anything in Eastern Europe where Russia already took over, but that it should attempt to stop the formation of Communist governments any where else in the world.

14. There’s communism in there! Don’t let it out!!

15. The Truman Doctrine • “I believe that it must be the policy of the U.S. to support free peoples who are resisting (conquest) by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” –President Truman, 1947 And what outside pressure are we talking about?

16. The Marshall Plan • U.S. wanted to help war-torn nations recover so they could create stable democracies. • Seventeen nations applied for aid. Total aid given from 1948-1952 = $13 billion

18. Germany: A Land Divided By 1949 there were two Germany’s in Europe: • West Germany: democratic • East Germany: communist The capital of Berlin was also later divided – by a wall!

20. Berlin Airlift • Many Eastern Europeans who did not like living under Soviet communist rule fled their homes and escaped to West Berlin. • Stalin wanted to stop this escape route by forcing the Western Powers to abandon West Berlin. • Stalin blockaded all Allied shipments to West Berlin through East Germany. • This threatened severe shortages of food and other needed supplies in West Berlin.

21. Truman did not want a war with the Soviets, nor did he want to give up West Berlin. • During the next 15 months both British and U.S. aircraft delivered food, fuel, etc. by plane to the city. • The Soviets finally gave up in 1949 and ended the blockade.

22. Berlin Airlift Map

23. NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Because the Soviet Union used its veto power to block any action that stopped communism in the United Nations, the West needed another way to deal with Soviet aggression. • In 1949 12 nations formed NATO. The guiding principle of NATO is; “an armed attack against one or more…shall be considered an attack against them all.” • This is an example of collective security- mutual military assistance among nations.

24. Current Members of NATO

25. The Soviet Union responded to the formation of NATO by creating the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance with its satellite nations in Eastern Europe.

26. UN WARSAW PACT NATO

28. The Arms Race • The greatest area where the Soviet Union and the U.S. compete for world domination was in the arms race - the struggle to gain weapons superiority.

29. China Falls To Communism • A civil war had existed between the Nationalists and Communists in China since the 1920s. • 1949: Mao Zedong and the Communists won and established the People’s Republic of China. • The Nationalists fled to Taiwan and claimed to be the legitimate government of China, establishing the Republic of China. The U.S. and UN recognized this Republic as the true government of China. • Many Americans wanted Truman and the government to focus not only on Europe but also on Asia in their policy of containment.

30. Chairman Mao Zedong

31. Chinese Revolution Poster: 1949

32. Korean War • After WW II Japan was forced to give up control of Korea. • The Soviets accepted the surrender above the 38th parallel and the U.S. accepted it below that line. • Division was never the goal but became a reality: a communist controlled north and a democratically controlled south.

33. Map of Korea So Korea is divided between who?

34. Citizens on both sides of the parallel wanted to reunite their country. War breaks out when North Korean troops came across the 38th parallel to try to unite the country by force. Conflict in Korea

35. The Korean Conflict Jan 1951 - 1953 May., 1950 Sept., 1950 Sept.-Nov., 1950 Nov 1950-Jan 1951

36. The Forgotten War • The UN (mostly American) sent troops to Korea • The UN troops do well initially but are driven back close to the original 38th parallel. • The war becomes a stalemate and in 1953 an armistice is signed agreeing to keep Korea divided.

38. There was a great emphasis on loyalty to America during the Truman administration. He vowed to find people who were not loyal, especially anyone with ties to communism. I LOVE America! I swear!! I would NEVER be communist! Oh yeah!? Prove it! or else! The Cold War at Home His administration instituted FBI background checks for government employees and the Loyalty Review Board to hear evidence about anyone in the government participating in suspicious activities

39. The Rosenbergs • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were Americans and members of the Communist party. • They were accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during WW II. • They were convicted of spying and were executed in 1953. Did anticommunist hysteria play a role? Hmmm…

40. McCarthyism: The Height of Cold War Hysteria • Senator Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin made himself famous by accusing hundreds of people inside the government of having ties with communists. • He set off a second period of anti-communist hysteria • He had little to no evidence to support his accusations and after a few years lost all credibility.

41. Joseph McCarthy

42. HUACThe House Un-American Activities Committee • HUAC was created by the House of Representatives in 1938 to investigate disloyalty before WWII. • In 1947 they began to investigate the movie industry, claiming it supported communist ideals. • “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?” • The Hollywood Ten refused to answer and were cited for contempt and sentenced to jail. • Studios compiled a blacklist of directors, actors, and writers who should not be allowed to work because they seemed subversive or refused to cooperate with HUAC or refused to honor the blacklist.

43. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-1pPMliSck&feature=related The Majestic movie trailer • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwSk2vW1po0 The Majestic movie clip

44. In 1957 the Soviet Union proved that they were ahead of the U.S. in the technology war when they launched Sputnik into space. Sputnik was the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. Problem: The rocket used to launch Sputnik could just as easily carry a nuclear bomb to America’s shores! US Response: created NASA in 1958 and increased spending on science and math in America’s school. Cold War and Space

45. Sputnik

47. Cuba • 1959 Fidel Castro Takes power in Cuba and when he developed ties to the USSR American officials feared that Cuba could become an example for revolutionary upheaval through all of Latin America.

48. Bay of Pigs • Kennedy’s 1st foreign crisis! • Eisenhower had approved a plan in 1960 to overthrow Castro • CIA was training a group of Cubans to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro • JFK and his advisers believed the people of Cuba would join in to help the defeat of Castro ----- THEY DID NOT!

49. Bay of Pigs • April 17, 1961 • Airstrike failed to destroy Cuba’s air force • Cuban troops were more than a match for the 1,500 invaders • Rather than increase forces Kennedy chose to accept defeat • US lost prestige and faced anger from other countries. JFK’s ability as President was questioned.

50. Berlin Wall • Soviet attempt to cut off access to Berlin in 1948 failed because of the Berlin Airlift. SOVIETS ATTEMPT AGAIN! • They demanded a peace treaty that would make division permanent in order to stop flow of East Germans into west Germany through Berlin. • Kennedy feared this would lead to a larger invasion of Europe.