1. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Microscopic Study of the Structure and Morphological Variations of the Cell

2. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 • Cells were discovered in 1665 by a British scientist named Robert Hooke. • He was able to observe the cell with the use of the microscope.

3. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Cells are the basic unit of life All organisms are made up of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells

4. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 The Cells Basic structural and functional unit of life The Tissues Cells group together to form tissues Different tissues combine together to form an organ The Organ Different organs combine together to form a system The System Different systems combine together to form an animal or organism The Body

5. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Some cells are capable to live independent which called single celled or unicellular organisms like the protozoa. Classification of the cell 1- Prokaryotic cell: they are devoid of the true nucleus. 2- Eukaryotic cell: they have true nucleus (surround by nuclear membrane). Structure of the cell: the true cell consist of three parts 1- The Central part (nucleus). 2- The Peripheral part (cytoplasm). 3- The Cell membrane encases both of these parts.

6. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Prokaryotic Cells • Do not have nucleus • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Example: Bacteria

7. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Eukaryotic Cells • Contain nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms, example: humans • Usually larger than prokaryotic cells Animal Plant

8. Taxonomy • Living organisms are subdivided into 5 major kingdoms, 1. Monera 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia Each kingdom is further subdivided into separate phyla or divisions. Generally "animals" are subdivided into phyla, while "plants" are subdivided into divisions.

9. Kingdom Monera • 1 cell* No true nucleus * Prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)* Some move (flagellum); others don't* Some make their own food (autotrophic); others can't make their own food (heterotrophic).* Examples - bacteria, blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)

10. Staphylococcus aureus • Prokaryotes-Bacteria • Found in the human respiratory tract and on the skin

11. Kingdom Protista • 1 cell *have a true nucleus - eukaryote*some move (flagella, cilia); others don't*some are autotrophic; others are heterotrophic *examples - amoeba, euglena, paramecium, some algae (unicellular).

12. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Amoeba · It is Irregular in the shape · The pseudopodia are the locomotary organs · It has central large nucleus, contractile and food vacuoles

13. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Paramecium · It is Shoe- sole in shape · The cilia are the locomotary organs · It has two nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus) and contractile, food vacuoles. Macronucleus Cilia

14. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Euglena · It is Carrot in shape · The flagellum is the locomotary organ · It has central small round nucleus and chloroplasts

15. Lab Exercise # 2 Zoo- 145 Trypanosoma · It is fusiform or sickle in the shape · The flagellum is the locomotory organ · It has central round nucleus

16. Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular * Have nuclei * Mainly do not move from place to place* Heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)*Examples - mushroom, mold, puffball, shelf/bracket fungus, etc.

17. Penicillium • Eukaryotes-Fungi • Penicillus = brush • Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi of major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production 1. hypha 2. conidiophore 3. phialide 4. conidia 5. septa

18. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular* Have nuclei* Do not move * Autotrophic* Examples - multicellular algae, mosses, ferns, flowering plants (roses), trees.

19. Chlamydomonas • Eukaryotes-Green algae-Plantae • Unicellular flagellates

20. Thank you !