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Energy Related Organelles

Energy Related Organelles. By: Madison Greening, David Hughes, Kathryn Butler, Kelsey Ivory. Mitochondria:

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Energy Related Organelles

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  1. Energy Related Organelles By: Madison Greening, David Hughes, Kathryn Butler, Kelsey Ivory

  2. Mitochondria: The sites of cellular respiration (the metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels with the help of oxygen), hormone synthesis, and heat generation in brown fat cells (which are used to protect young animals from the cold and are used to bring hibernating animals out of hibernation) Chloroplast: An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorb sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

  3. 6CO2 + 12H20 + Energy from light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6C02 + 6H2O + Energy Autotrophs (plants and algae) use energy from the sunlight to convert the compounds CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates (like glucose) through photosynthesis. Heterotrophic organisms (like us) are not capable of making our own food (unlike autotrophs). The food we eat either comes directly from plants, or from animals that them, themselves, eat/have eaten plants. Heterotrophs break the chemical bonds in food molecules between glucose and oxygen, thereby returning CO2 and H2O to the environment, and as a byproduct energy is released. This process takes place in the mitochondria and is referred to as cellular respiration. This is what provides your body with energy.

  4. Chloroplasts • Dual membrane. • Multiple stacks called Grana of disks called Thylakoids. • The Stroma surrounds the Grana and contains DNA and other proteins which contribute to the functioning of the organelle.

  5. Plant cells without chloroplasts: • In every plant and form of algae there are organelles called "chloroplasts" which basically perform the opposite function of the mitochondria. • Chloroplasts also reproduce on their own and contain their own DNA. Chloroplasts are nearly genetically identical to cyanobacteria, formerly known as "blue green algae." • Without chloroplasts, plants would be unable to produce oxygen (or sugars/energy) from carbon dioxide (therefore the plant would die, because its cells would not be getting enough energy . • Cyanobacteria were the first form of life to transpire and create oxygen in the atmosphere. Cypress Canker Infection: Thermal stress in plants initially causes alterations in chloroplast thylakoidal membranes, therefore interfering with the process of photosynthesis.

  6. Powdery Mildew Infection: • Chloroplasts isolated from powdery mildew-infected sugar beet leaves showed: • A reduction in the rate of electron transport and in the accompanying ATP formation • Little or no change in the rate of ATP formation in cyclic photophosphorylation. • The inhibition of noncyclic photophosphorylation appeared to lead in the parent leaves to a decreased rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and a change in products resulting in a relative increase of amino acids. • These changes were accompanied by alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure and by a reduction in the activity of enzymes necessary for the formation of organic acids. • Basically this means the amount of CO2 being absorbed is reduced. The structure of the chloroplasts have changed and now produce less organic acids and more amino acids. • (Definition by dictionary.com: • Photophosphorylation: the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis • Ultrastructure: detailed structure of a biological specimen, such as a cell, tissue, or organ

  7. Mitochondria: • Dual membrane. • The inner membrane surrounds the Matrix. • The Matrix is an area of highly concentrated enzymes. • The inner membrane is folded into Cristae, which protrude into the Matrix of the organelle.

  8. Kearns-Sayre Syndrome • KSS • Rare neuromuscular • Onset around 20 years old • Result of large amounts of mtDNA deletions (parts of DNA missing) • Symptoms include: limitation of eye movement, retina deterioration, drooping eyelids and an accumulation of pigmented material in the ocular membrane • Not inherited • No cure Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy • LHON • Inherited disease that causes vision loss • Result of mutations in mitochondrial genome • Passed from mother to all children because egg provides embryo with mitochondria • Onset in teens/twenties • Effects males more • Symptoms: acute vision loss in one eye, a few weeks later in the other eye, escalating to severe optic atrophy (loss of fibers in optic nerve) • No accepted treatment

  9. Bibliography • Lordaych. "Bacteria." Everything2. 16 Feb. 2001. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Bacteria>. • Magyarosy, Andrew C., Peter Schürmann, and Bob B. Buchanan. "Effect of Powdery Mildew Infection on Photosynthesis by Leaves and Chloroplasts of Sugar Beets." Plant Physiology. Apr. 1976. American Society of Plant Biologists. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=542057>. • Muthuchelian, K, N La Porta, M Bertamini, and N Nedunchezhian. "Cypress Canker Induced Inhibition of Photosynthesis in Field Grown Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens L.) Needles." Science Direct. 03 Aug. 2005. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WPC-4HHGNPF-1&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=97c088cc541c5674fff12950cdfbf765>. • Posner, Md, Ewa. "Kearns-Sayre Syndrome." EMedicine. 06 Nov. 2006. Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Durham. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2763.htm>. • "Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy." Wikipedia. 10 Nov. 2007. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber's_hereditary_optic_neuropathy#Diagnosis_.26_management>. • Fawcett, Don. Mitochondria. 2005. Image of Mitochondria. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://www.a3243g.com/image_mitochondria.asp>. • Loppé, M G. THE EIFFEL TOWER AS a COLOSSAL LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR. 1902. Paris. Lightning Striking the Eiffel Tower. 14 Nov. 2007 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Lightning_striking_the_Eiffel_Tower_-_NOAA.jpg>. • Sadava, Heller, Orians, Purvos, and Hillis. Life; the Science of Biology. 8th ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Freeman, 2006. • Brooker, Widmire, Graham, and Stiling. Biology. 1st ed. New York: McGraw Hill. • Ritter, Adam-Carr, and Fraser. Biology 11. Toronto, Ontario: Nelson, 2002. • Cavalier, Dr. Ralph. "TEM Micrograph Gallery." Getteysburg Education. July 2000. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~rcavalie/em/tem_pics.html>.

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