Revolutions and Time Between The Wars (1918-1939)

1. Revolutions and Time Between The Wars (1918-1939)

2. Russia • Russia in the 1700’s • Czar (Russian king) controls everything • Peter the Great and Catherine the Great attempt to modernize Russia • Need warm- water ports for trade • Russia in the 1800’s • Czar controls everything • Industrial Revolution comes late to Russia • Europe fears Russia’s large army • Russia still a feudal society (nobles/serfs) while the rest of Europe has industrialized but are • Serfs are eventually freed (200 years after the rest of Europe) • Russia is still “backwards” (has not improved/developed) and hasn’t changed much since the 1700s.

3. Early 1900s • Romanov Dynasty had ruled since 1613 • Czar (means monarch) Nicholas II was on the throne • People started to lose faith after “Bloody Sunday” massacre in Jan 1905 • 1905 • Russia is defeated by Japan in the Russo- Japanese War • Russian peasants protest peacefully, but are shot by czar’s soldiers • A widespread revolt forces the czar to allow more rights, but he quickly cancels them

4. World War I • Russia enters to back Serbia, they join the Allied Powers • With little industry they are not prepared to fight the 1st modern war (lack technology & ability to make weapons on mass scale) • Shortage of supplies- Russian railroads can’t deliver supplies to cities • Lack of food and coal • Czar Nicolas I attempts to lead the troops personally, but fails miserably • Czarina handles the government (she is German, and not trained to rule) • Leaves control in the hands of Rasputin • They lose the most people with 5.5 million casualties

5. Rasputin and the Royal Family • Rasputin (“Mad Monk”) called to heal the Prince of hemophilia (blood disease), succeeds and gains family confidence • Royal family members worry about the power in the hands of the untrustworthy Rasputin • Plan to have him assassinated • The conspirators invited Rasputin over to royal palace and feed him cake and wine laced with poison • Rasputin talks on for hours • Conspirators become nervous and shoot him, after they thought he was dead he leaps up and he is shot again • His body is dumped in the near frozen river • Cause of death: Drowning

6. What led to the Revolutions? ***Causes were very similar to French Revolution*** • Rigid social class with a large peasant population • Denied the majority (peasant class) basic rights  • Peasant class = farmers and factory workers • Spreading of liberal ideas– • New ideas changed how people thought about their government – Russian Czars were very harsh • Russian Czars attempted to westernize Russia, without importing French revolutionary liberal ideas.  • Czars tried to retain power by harsh and oppressive rule.  Increased discontent against absolute monarchy • Declining Economy – • Czars spent too much on luxury (ex. City of St. Petersburg) • Unable to industrialize efficiently (ex. transportation poor) • Too many losses in wars, especially World War I 

7. Revolt of March 1917 March: Czar Nicholas taken out of power – Revolt started over: • Failure of 1905 reforms • shortages in food, fuel and housing • too many defeats during World War I • Czar abdicates (gives up) his throne • A provisional (temporary) government led by the middle class are put in place, they promise democracy • Soviets- groups of workers and soldiers revolted in the major cities and ruled themselves that support riots • The Duma, or parliament created a temporary provisional government to rule run by Alexander Kerensky • This new government continued to fight Germany and Austria- Hungary

8. 1917 November: “Communist Revolution” • Provisional government prove to be very ineffective, people still poor, hungry, and dying in WWI • Bolsheviks (communist), want to overtake government & make everyone equal (**no more poor vs. rich**) • 1918 Russia pulls out of WWI (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) • Lenin and other communists are secretly shipped to Russia by Germany • They are called Bolsheviks, communists that wanted revolution • Lenin promises “Peace, land and bread” in protest in Russia 1918-1921 civil war breaks out Red Army (communist) vs. White Army (Czar supporters). Reds win. • Soldiers riot and are helped by soviets • Lenin tries immediately to end the war

9. Communist Russia under Lenin (1917- 1928) • Background: • Lenin’s family background instilled in him a hatred of the Czar and Czar government policies. He was influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx and as a young man he helped spread Marxist ideas. • Main Features • Leads Russian communists called Bolsheviks • First years are spent fighting a civil war- Reds vs Whites • Sets up a dictatorship to help triumph in the war • Red Army set up by Leon Trotsky • Secret police to catch bourgeois traitors

10. Lenin (adaptation of Marxist) ideas: • Russia had a lack of large population of urban workers • Lenin called for a/an elite group to lead a revolution. (Bolsheviks) • According to Lenin – only revolution could bring about change NOT small steps

11. Communism (1917- 1921) • One Party Government – Communist party the only legal party allowed. • Government structured with a constitution and elected legislature. THE REAL POWER IS HELD BY THE PARTY not the people. • People controlled by force (Military and Secret Police) • Created a new system where the government owned business • Farmers had to give their crops to the government • Distribute land to the peasants • Give workers control of the factories

12. New Economic Policy (1921) • During the Civil War the Bolsheviks took back control of the factories. • Lenin sets up New Economic Policy (NEP) • Government controlled all banks, large industry and foreign trade. • Some privately owned business were allowed (This form of selective capitalism was to assist in the economic recovery and not meant to be forever)

13. Soviet Union • By 1922 Lenin gains control over most of Russia and creates the “Union of Soviets Socialists Republics” (USSR) – Soviet Union • Moscow = Capital • Lenin Organized the nation into several self – governing republic, under the control of the central government. • Bolshevik party renamed the Communist • Party-Held total power • Lenin established a Dictatorship • By 1928, USSR farms and factories were producing as much as before WWI. • Lenin dies suddenly in 1924. A power struggle emerged for control of the Communist Party and the USSR.

14. Communist Russia under Stalin Background • Real name – Joseph Djugashvili, from poor family and educated in the Priesthood. Lived a very harsh existence in his younger years. • Became a radical Revolutionary Socialist after reading Karl Marx. • By 1900 he joined the Bolsheviks and took the name Stalin. (Means “Man of Steel”) • By 1920 he works his way into becoming general secretary of the party. He appoints loyal friends into key jobs which gave Stalin allies in the Government when he needed them. • Lenin did not want Stalin to be his successor. Told followers to “beware” of him.

15. New Party Leader: • Stalin competes with Trotsky (leader of Red Army and Lenin ally), after Lenin Dies, to succeed Lenin. Trotsky vs. Stalin: • Trotsky – scholar, great speaker, key figure in Revolution and Civil War (Well respected) • Stalin – Street smart, lacked people skills and had a minor role in the revolution. • Stalin forces Trotsky into exile by isolating • Him in the party. Installs supporters as key members in the Government. • Stalin takes control and begins his plans to modernize Russia.

16. Stalinism: Stalin’s version of Communism Five Year Plans: • Stalin’s idea to set production quotas / Goals that needed to be achieved in 5 years. • Focus was Industry & Agriculture ↓ ↓ Hammer & Sickle Symbol of Communism and also the Soviet flag

17. The Soviet Union implemented the first 5 year plan in 1928, but they never achieved their quotas despite the propaganda and Stalin’s words. • Slackers were punished severely and strictly. • Industry focused on steel, machinery and Iron made goods. • Agriculture focused on Wheat.

18. Collectivization: (Also called Collective Farming) • Stalin NATIONALIZED all farmland (arable land) and made it property of the government. This went against Lenin’s promise to give land back to the peasants. • Peasants (especially in Ukraine) were placed on large communal farms called collectives. These were run and financed by the state. (Government) • Crops would be taken by the government and this left the peasants with very little of the crops. There was no incentive to work hard. • In 1934, Stalin punished Kulaks and peasants in the Ukraine with a forced starvation in which 10-20 million starved to death.

19. The Great Purge- Stalin’s Version of the Holocaust • Stalin suffered from paranoia, or a fear of others. • Stalin conducted “Purges” (systematic eliminations) of people who challenged Stalin’s ideas or were thought by Stalin to conspire against him. • Major Groups targeted in Stalin’s Purges • Kulaks • Government Officials • Friends • Intelligentsia • Army Officers (by 1938, 90% 0f Russian military officers were purged) • Approximately 25 million purged, killed or were exiled to Siberia. (Northern Russia – mostly above the Arctic Circle – Cold, harsh environment) Those exiled worked in forced labor camps called Gulags. • Most starved or froze to death • Similar to Nazi concentration camps or Chinese labor camps under Mao Zedong.

20. Foreign Policy • Many nations hated the communist government of the USSR • Comintern- group set up to spread revolution all over the world • Effects: USSR was isolated for most of the 1920’s and 1930’s

21. Worldwide Issues • colonies had fought in the war and denied promises of freedom • Global Depression strikes in 1929 and quickly effects the entire world • European nations do anything to avoid war

22. Nationalism Between the Wars in Latin America and Africa • Africa Problems • nations are colonies of Europe and were promised freedom Solutions • Nationalist groups begin forming to gain independence • Kwame Nkrumah- Ghana • Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya • Pan- Africanism – goal to unite all of Africa

23. Mexico Problems • Most Mexicans are poor farmers working for creole landholders • Frequent revolutions and dictatorships • Foreign nations intervene to protect their property Solutions • Nationalize businesses and land to distribute to the poor • PRI formed to help the poor and stabilize the government with a one- party democracy • Government begins to provide education to poor

24. Middle East Between the Wars Building a Modern Turkey Problems • The Ottoman Empire lost World War I and was divided • His people were behind the modern times • Many people wanted an Islamic government Solutions • Kemal Ataturk manages to remove Western powers from his nation • He changes Turkish culture • Separated church and state • Bans Islamic dress and traditions like polygamy • Instituted a Western calendar, alphabet, schools and government • He modernized Turkey • Hired Western experts to improve technology • Built roads, factories and railroads • Created a modern economy

25. Divisions in Palestine Problems • Jews had been moving in since the Zionist movement of the late 1800’s began • (Zionism’s goal is to find a Jewish homeland) • After World War I, Britain promises the land to Arab Palestinians and Jews • Both sides begin a conflict that has lasted until today

26. Indian Nationalism Problems • economy controlled by Britain • couldn’t trade freely • forced to make and buy British products • many fought in World War I and were promised independence • British “Raj” was sometimes cruel • Amritsar Massacre- British troops fired an unarmed peaceful demonstration killing 379

27. Solutions • Gandhi • Lawyer, who got his start by helping Indians in South Africa oppose unfair laws • Promoted Hindu idea of ahisma or non- violence used satyagraha or passive resistance (Civil disobedience) • Inspired Indians to make their own goods and boycott British goods • Wore traditional clothes, but balanced Indian values with Western ones • Encouraged women to make cloth to avoid British taxes • Salt March- in 1930 he and many followers avoided a British salt tax by taking it from the sea Independence • World War II and Gandhi’s movement led to independence • Success was temporary, since Muslims and Hindus battled one another

28. China Between the Wars • Chinese Problems 1911- 1949 • Unstable Government • Fall of the Qing Dynasty • Warlords- local strongmen rule their areas • Civil War • fighting, between rival groups. Chiefly the Guomindang and Communists • Foreign Invasion • Japan is rewarded in the Versailles Treaty with control of Germany’s land in China.

29. Sun Yixian • After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, he attempts to lead China with his Three Principles-Nationalism, Democracy and livelihood • 1912- He was briefly president of China, but steps down in favor of the stronger, Yuan Shikai • 1916- Leads a revolt when Shikai tries to set up a new dynasty • 1916- 1925 Created and led the Guomindang, or nationalist party until his death in 1925 • Chang Kai- Shek (Jiang Jieshi) • 1925- takes over leadership of the Guomindang after the death of Sun Yixian • Attempts to unite China, and keep Communists out of power. • 1927- Attempts to kill communists by attacking their members in many Chinese cities. • He helps battle the Japanese from the early 1930’s until 1945. • He will lead a civil war against the Communists until he loses and retreats to Taiwan in 1949

30. Mao Zedong • Leader of Chinese Communists • He retreats from the stronger Guomindang. • 1934- Long March- he is forced to lead his people through the mountains of China, of 100,000 followers, only 20,000 survive • Promises peasants land and during his struggle he takes supplies from the rich and gives any left over supplies to the poor. • He will be successful and lead China after 1949 until his death in 1976