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DNA and Biotechnology

DNA and Biotechnology. DNA Is a Double Helix. Figure 21.1. Replication of DNA. Figure 21.2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA). ____ (ribonucleic acid) Made from ______ Single–stranded Contains the base _______ (U), and not thymine Contains the sugar _______, not deoxyribose .

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DNA and Biotechnology

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  1. DNA and Biotechnology

  2. DNA Is a Double Helix Figure 21.1

  3. Replication of DNA Figure 21.2

  4. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) • ____ (ribonucleic acid) • Made from ______ • Single–stranded • Contains the base _______ (U), and not thymine • Contains the sugar _______, not deoxyribose

  5. Protein Synthesis • Transcription –the making of ___________ _________ (mRNA) from DNA in the ________ • 3 nitrogen bases in mRNA is called a _____ • DNA unwinds and _____ is made complementary to the DNA • A=_____ • G=_____

  6. Protein synthesis • _________ synthesis is the process by which proteins are made. It is a 2 step process that involves: 1. 2.

  7. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein Figure 21.8

  8. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein • Elongation occurs as the _________ in the ribosome link the _______ _______, forming a growing amino acid _______

  9. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein Figure 21.9

  10. Protein Synthesis • Final processing of the mRNA includes removal of _______, leaving the ______ to direct protein synthesis

  11. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein Figure 21.5 (1 of 2)

  12. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein Figure 21.5 (2 of 2)

  13. DNA and Biotechnology • DNA is commonly called the the _______ __________ • DNA is a _______ _______ consisting of two strands of nucleotides • During DNA replication, each original strand serves as a __________ for new strand • DNA codes for ________, which codes for ___________

  14. DNA Is a Double Helix • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • A double-stranded molecule twisted in a __________ • Made of two strands of repeating units called __________________

  15. DNA Is a Double Helix • Nucleotides composed of • One ___________ (deoxyribose) • One ___________ • One ___________ __________

  16. DNA Is a Double Helix • There are four nitrogenous bases 1. 2. 3. 4. • Rules of complementary base pairing • Adenine (A) only pairs with _________ • Cytosine (C) pairs only with _________ • Each pair is held together by ___________ bonds

  17. DNA Is a Double Helix • ___________ information is encoded in the nitrogen base sequence of DNA

  18. Replication of DNA • DNA replication is semi-conservative replication because each DNA Molecule made consist of one _______ strand of DNA and one _________ strand of DNA

  19. Replication of DNA • Each time a cell divides, the _____ of the original cell must be ________ copied as the daughter cells are formed

  20. Steps In DNA Replication • DNA replication begins when an ________ breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the 2 stands of nucleotides together • The double helix _________ • Free _________ bases in the nucleus then attach to the bases exposed by this “unzipping” • ______ ______________- link the new nucleotides together along the sugar-phosphate bonds

  21. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein • 3 types of RNA is made from DNA 1. 2. 3.

  22. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein SIMILARITIES 1. 2. 3. 4. DIFFERENCES DNA VS. RNA 1. 2. 3. 4. Table 21.1

  23. Protein Synthesis • The ________ code converts the ___ base sequence into an ______ ______ sequence

  24. Translation • mRNA carries ________ from DNA out of the nucleus to the ________ in the cytoplasm in the form of a code called a _________. • tRNA brings ______ ______ to the ribosome and line them up in the correct sequence by matching it’s _________ to the codon in ________. • ___________- 3 nitrogen bases in tRNA

  25. Transfer RNA Amino acid attachment site: Binds to a specific amino acid. Amino acid (phenylalanine) Anticodon: Binds to codon on mRNA, following complementary base-pairing rules. Anticodon mRNA Figure 21.6

  26. Ribosomal RNA • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Combines with ________ to form the ribosome on which the protein is made

  27. Translation • The role of the __________ is to provide a place for ______ _________ to occur. • Trna puts the ______ ______ in the correct order

  28. Translation • A cluster of ribosomes simultaneously translating the same mRNA strand is called a _____________.

  29. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein • Review the Functions of RNA • Molecule Function • mRNA • tRNA • rRNA Table 21.2

  30. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein • Translation consists of three stages • Initiation • Elongation • Termination

  31. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein Large subunit Polypeptide mRNA Small subunit Ribosome Direction of transcription Figure 21.10

  32. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein • Termination occurs when a ______ codon moves into the ribosome

  33. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein Figure 21.11

  34. Mutations • Changes in DNA are called __________ • Mutations can only be passed to offspring when they occur in a _________

  35. Mutations • ___________ mutations occur when whole sections of chromosomes become rearranged, duplicated, or deleted

  36. Mutations • _________ mutations • Involve changes in one or a few ________ in the DNA sequence • The effect of a base substitution depends upon the base and where it is located along the ______ strand

  37. Mutations Original DNA Incorrect pairing Possible outcomes One DNA molecule is identical to the original. The other DNA molecule has a base pair mutation. mRNA Amino acid specified Valine Alanine Figure 21.12

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