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Understanding Development: Theories and Influences from Early Life Through Adulthood

This chapter delves into various theories of development that explore how early life experiences shape personalities. It covers psychoanalytic theories, including Freud's psychosexual stages and Erikson's psychosocial stages, highlighting the importance of culture and crisis resolution. Learning theories are examined, featuring classical and operant conditioning, as well as Bandura's observational learning. Cognitive development is discussed through Piaget and Vygotsky's frameworks, while biological and ecological approaches provide insights into the interactions between individuals and their environments. Questions prompt critical thinking about the relevance of each theory.

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Understanding Development: Theories and Influences from Early Life Through Adulthood

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  1. Chapter 2: Theories of Development

  2. In this chapter

  3. ? ? Questions To Ponder How important are the first five or six years of life in shaping our personalities?

  4. Psychoanalytic Theories Freud: Psychosexual theory: Internal drives and emotions influence behavior. id, ego, superego Erikson: Psychosocial theory: Development influenced by common cultural demands Each psychosocial stage requires solution of a crisis

  5. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

  6. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

  7. Learning Theories Classical Conditioning: Pavlov Learning by association Requires reflexes Operant conditioning: Skinner Learning by consequences Reinforcement, punishment

  8. Learning TheoriesSocial Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura Observational learning or modeling: Learning results from seeing a model reinforced or punished for behavior. “Bobo” doll experiment

  9. ? ? Questions To Ponder Give several scenarios of getting a child to complete household and have the students describe how they could use positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment to accomplish the change in behavior.

  10. Cognitive Theories Piaget • Scheme • Assimilation • Accommodation

  11. Piaget’s Stages

  12. Cognitive Theories Vygotsky: Socio-cultural theory Key is social interactions, not private explorations Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD Scaffolding

  13. Cognitive Theories Information-processing theory Computer used as model to explain how mind manages information

  14. Figure 2.2 The Information-Processing System

  15. Biological Theories Ethology: genetically determined mechanisms that promote survival through natural selection • Imprinting

  16. Bioecological TheoryUrie Bronfenbrenner Bioecological theory: relationships between people and their environments Contexts • Macrosystem • Exosystem • Microsystem • Mesosystem • Biological context

  17. Place yourself in the center of the model. Figure 2.4 Bronfenbrenner’s Contexts of Development

  18. Why asking which theory is RIGHT may be wrong! Evaluation of usefulness of each theory • Generate predictions that can be tested. • Heuristic value • Practical value • Explanation of basic developmental facts

  19. ? ? Questions To Ponder Using these criteria, how useful is each of the theories discussed in the chapter?

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