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Unit 1 Colonization. SSUSH1 Compare and contrast the development of English settlement and colonization during the 17th Century. a. Investigate how mercantilism and trans-Atlantic trade led to the development of colonies .
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SSUSH1 Compare and contrast the development of English settlement and colonization during the 17th Century. • a. Investigate how mercantilism and trans-Atlantic trade led to the development of colonies. • b. Explain the development of the Southern Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development. • c. Explain the development of the New England Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development. • d. Explain the development of the Mid-Atlantic Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development.
Early exploration • Europeans were exploring for THREE reasons: • God, Gold, Glory= THE 3 G’S • Wanted to find a water route to Asia they called the “Northwest Passage” to help ensure wealth due to trade • Settlements were NOT a priority at this time • Settlements became more necessary following events such as: • The Protestant Reformation • Power conflicts involving the strong world powers: Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands
Spain Spain had created settlements in the southern portions of the modern day United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America Their success can be contributed to the Treaty of Tordesillas and their drive for gold.
England Queen Elizabeth I strove to make England the “main power” in Europe. King Philip II of Spain became the main target due to the success of his navy in battle and in exploration. The English were able to defeat the Spanish Armada making them the top power in Europe.
Why did Britain want colonies? • Competition with other European nations • Mercantilism • Mercantilismis an economic theory based on reducing a country’s imports while expanding its exports in order to maximize wealth. • If you sell more than you buy, your country gets rich. Britain needed colonies for 2 reasons: • Raw materials • Market to sell finished goods
ENGLISH TRADING WITH OHTER COUNTRIES • England implemented a series of Navigation Actsin the mid-1600s to ensure a favorable trade arrangement with the colonies. • 1)All goods shipped to or from English North America had to travel on English ships • 2)Any goods being imported to the colonies from Europe had to first be processed through an English port. • 3) Most colonial resources could only be exported to England Colonial Impact • The Navigation Acts restricted the profits colonists could receive for their products, hindered the development of large scale manufacturing in the colonies, and forced colonists to pay high prices for goods they were only allowed to purchase from England.
Trans-Atlantic Trade • TRIANGULAR TRADE routes were established between European nations and their colonies in the New World. • Raw materials were shipped to Europe • Finished goods were shipped to the New World via Africa • Enslaved Africans were shipped from Western Africa to the New World via the MIDDLE PASSAGE
The Middle Passage • The middle passage was the slave’s voyage from the western coast of Africa to the new world. • Each person had less than 15 square feet to call his own • Slaves were whipped, thrown overboard, or forced to eat in order to avoid starving to death
Consequences of the Slave Trade • Generations in Africa lost its fittest members • Depleted populations in Africa • Created new populations in the Americas • Created new cultures • The slave trade introduced guns into the African continent
Virginia • Sir Walter Raleigh explored the Atlantic seaboard and named the area Virginia after Queen Elizabeth • Raleigh sent 2 separate groups of colonists: • 1585-Roanoke Island (modern day North Carolina), the colonists went home after a year. • 1587- More than 100 people were sent and led by John White. By 1590, there was no trace of the “Lost Colony.”
Financing Voyages • Due to domestic issues, no other efforts were made for colonization for over 25 years. • When it did, a different approach was taken: • Joint-Stock Company: a form of business organization that pooled the funds of many investors (stockholders) who can independently sell their shares of the company. • Increases available resource capital • Diversifies risk
Joint stock companies • King James I of England (successor of Elizabeth I) issued Charter of 1606. • Licensed joint stock companies to establish settlements and find riches in specified areas. • Companies that participated included: • The Virginina of London Company • The Plymouth Company
Jamestown The first permanent english settlement
Jamestown • The Virginia Company organized settlers for Jamestown—named for the King. • Settled in 1607 under the leadership of John Smith.
Captain John Smith • Arrived with the first settlers • Many saw him as the leader of the colony • Established a good relationship with the PowhatanIndian Tribe • He expected everyone to contribute—”if you don’t work, you don’t eat” • He DID NOT marry Pocahontas!
Problems in Jamestown • Jamestown was near a marsh filled with mosquitos. • Many of the colonists died in the first year by: • Disease • Starvation • Exposure to elements
The Powhatan • Confederation of 30 small tribes • Local American Indians • Led by Wahunsonacock (Chief Powhatan) • Gave settlers food and taught them how to cultivate crops (live off the land). • Pocahontas • Daughter of Wahunsonacock • 10-12 years old at the time of English settlement • Intermediary (middle-man) between English and Powhatan • Captured by Colonists during time of strained relations • Married John Rolfe • Converted to Christianity • Brought temporary peace
The “Starving Time” • 1609-1610 • Following John Smith’s departure from Jamestown, relations with the Powhatans turned cold. • Settlers began stealing from the Natives • Fall 1609- Powhatans raided Jamestown in retaliation • Burned all the crops, killed the livestock • Settlers were left to starve.
The starving time • “This was most Lamentable That one of our Colony murdered his wife Ripped the childe out of her womb and threw it into the River and after chopped the Mother in pieces and salted her for his food. The same not being discovered before he had eaten Part thereof.”-Colony President George Percy, 1624 • “There was one of the company who mortally hated his wife and therefore secretly killed her, then cut her in pieces and hid her in divers parts of his house. When the woman was missing, the man suspected, his house searched, and parts of her mangled body were discovered. To excuse himself he said that his wife died, that he hid her to satisfy his hunger, and that he fed daily upon her. Upon this, his house was again searched, where they found a good quantity of meal, oatmeal, beans, and peas. He thereupon was arraigned, confessed the murder, and was burned for his horrible villainy.” -Virginia Company of London, trying to “downplay” cannibalism in the colonies
Mortality Rates • 1607-1608 • 104 colonists—to 38 • 1609-1610 • 340 colonists—to 30 • Adult life expectancy: • 40 years old • Death of children before age 5: • 80%
Growth of Virginia Tobacco & Indentured Servants
Tobacco • Tobacco was first introduced to Europe in 1550s • John Rolfe introduced this Caribbean crop to Virginia as an enterprise in 1612 • Was at first unsuccessful. Rolfe began importing tobacco seeds from the West Indies to grow a different strain of tobacco—this became more successful and by 1630 over a million and a half lbs of tobacco were being exported from Jamestown per year. Called “brown gold” • The success of tobacco brought about a need for more help. • Indentured servitude followed.
Indentured servants The Headrights system: Men who paid for an indentured servant’s passage would be granted a tract of land 1 man= 50 acres Many would pay for entire families to come in an effort to accumulate as much land as possible. • English citizens who agreed to work 4-7 years as a servant in exchange for passage to the New World. • After that time, servants would be granted freedom and at time…land!
Bacon’s Rebellion • Due to economic downturn in tobacco prices, farmers and laborers began to settle in new areas westward • The main area of conflict between Native Americans and colonists was western Virginia • A treaty had been signed guaranteeing land to the Powhatan tribe, but the white settlers continued to move in. • Attacks began to take place by both parties– the Natives would attack settlers as they came onto their land, and the settlers would retaliate
Bacon’s Rebellion • Colonists wanted war and appealed to Governor Berkeley for help. • Berkeley refused—colonist Nathaniel Bacon began an uprising by encouraging fellow colonists to assist in attacking American Indians, looting wealthy plantations, and burning down Jamestown. • Bacon died of illness and the King ordered Governor Berkeley to return to Britain • Was the first uprising/rebellion in the colonies
House of Burgesses • Virginia’s representative assembly of large plantation owners • Quieted opposition by: • Limiting the governor’s power over land • Opened American Indian lands to colonists • THE FIRST REPRESENTATIVE BODY IN THE COLONIES
Maryland • Founded in 1633 by George Calvert and Lord Baltimore • Acts of Toleration • Established as a colony for individuals to escape religious persecution
Georgia • 1732—James Oglethorpe • Founded for 2 reasons: • 1) Debtor’s prison • 2) Buffer colony to Spanish Florida • Originally founded as an abolitionist colony
New England • Southern colonies were developed for economic gain • New England colonies founded for religious purposes—mostly to escape persecution • The soil and climate did not allow for productive farming • Colonists focused on ship building industry, due to forests and closeness to the sea. • Fishing, whaling, commercial trade became very important to the New England colonies.
Religious foundings • Puritans • Wanted to “purify” the church • Very intolerant of other belief systems • Viewed American Indians as savages that needed to be saved from their sinful ways • Puritans used the Indians for trade purposes, but did not accept them as equals. • Founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony • Pilgrims • Also known as Separatists • Didn’t want to purify the church—wanted to start a new church • Established the Plymouth Colony
Plymouth Colony Settlement • Settled in 1620 by Pilgrims • Sailed over on the Mayflower • Near modern day Cape Cod, Massachusetts • Around half of the colonists died in the first winter Labor and Economy • Based off of fishing and ship building • Extra labor (slaves/indentured servants) weren’t necessary because New England colonists had very large families. More kids=free labor.
Plymouth Colony The Mayflower Compact Signed before leaving the Mayflower Established a self-governing colony based on the majority rule of male church members
I see a city on a hill! Massachusetts Bay Colony • Established by Puritans near modern day Boston • Leader was Governor John Winthrop • “city upon a hill” speech meant to inspire Puritans to work hard in the new colony and be model Christians • People not allowed to stay in the colony if they were unwilling to work hard and follow strict Puritan rules
Politics in Massachusetts Bay • Town meetings were used to run communities • Voting rights limited to men who belonged to the church • Church membership controlled by minister and congregation • Towns run as direct democracies • The church was central to government • Belief system was very strict and conservative • People who disagreed with Puritan beliefs and practices were banished from the colony
