Unit 1- Exploration and Colonization

1. Unit 1- Exploration and Colonization Ch. 1 Sec. 1-5

2. America • Who were the first human’s to come to North America and how did they get here? • Why is something that happened 12 trillion years ago important enough for us to talk about?

3. The First “Americans” • I. Asians crossed the Bering Strait 12000 years ago. • Nomads • Beringia • Ice Age, Glaciers • II. North Americans • Hopewells, Iroquis, Creek • III. Central and South Americans • Mayas & Olmec, Aztecs, Incas

6. Mesoamerica • Agricultural Revolution – 9000-10000 years ago. • Central Americans learned to plant and grow crops. • Maize • First American civilizations arise in Mesoamerica.

7. Olmec, Mayas, and Aztecs • Olmec-in modern-day Mexico are considered to be the first civilization in America. • Mayans first appear on the Yucatan peninsula. • Very smart bunch… • Aztecs had an enormous empire throughout Mexico. • Large impact on modern Mexico. • http://www.history.com/videos/the-aztecs?cmpid=MRSS_Bing_HIS#the-aztecs

9. Hohokam and Anasazi • Hohokam • Irrigation Canals • Anasazi • Cliff dwellers– Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon • Ditches and Basins

11. Hopewell and Mississippians • Hopewell • Created tools, clay pots. • Burial and Ceremonial Mounds • Mississippis • Great builders and architects

12. Question Time • What does it mean to be a “nomad”? • People who travel from place to place. • What does the Ice Age have anything to do American history? • Name two major Native American tribes the arose out of Mesoamerica. • Maya, Aztec

13. Sec. 2

14. Native American Societies • Native Americans’ culture was effected by their environment. • Western Tribes • Far North Tribes • Eastern Woodland Tribes

15. The West • Southwest • Many small groups--Pueblo Tribes • Anasazi, Hohokam, Zuni, Hopi • Practiced corn farming, hunting, and gathering. • Pacific Coast • Many groups- Tlingit, Haida, Kwakuitls, Chinook, Salish • Harvested lumber, fished, hunted deer

16. The West • The Great Plains • Hopewell, Mississippian, Sioux, Pawnee, Kansas, Iowa • After the introduction of horses, they became great hunters and warriors. • Sioux famous for “scalping.”

17. The Far North • Inuit and Aleut • Depend on hunting whales, seals, and caribou. • Only Native American culture to develop lamps.

19. The Eastern Woodlands • Two distinct language groups – Algonquian, Iroquoian • Practiced slash-and-burn agriculture • Longhouses and wigwams • Iroquois often went to war with each other. • Founded the Iroquois League • Hiawatha - Chief

21. The Southeast • People of the Southeast were spread out and lived in towns. • Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Natchez.

22. Sec. 3 - Africa • African culture is vital to American culture. • Islam – Most West Africans were Muslim. • Mosque – Islamic place of worship. • Trade routes between West Africa, Europe, and North America were impacted.

23. The Trade Game • Africa was important to North American colonization for two reasons. • 1. Gold, Sugar, and Spices Trade • 2. Slave Trade

25. Sec. 4 – European Cultures and Significances

26. Daily Objectives • Discover the causes of European exploration. • Why travel 5000 miles, experience hardship and possible death? • Were the Europeans technologically ready to explore?

27. Why this is important… • American society is most similar to European society for a number of reasons, but the main reason is that the United States was born out of Europe. • There had to be a reason/motivation for European exploration. We are going to discuss these reasons today!

28. The Crusades • 10th -14th Centuries • Crusades – Latin word crux, meaning “cross”. • Pope Urban II • Armed struggle against Arab Muslims. • – Regain the “Holy Land” • - Convert Muslims to Christianity • Importance • Influenced curiosity to travel and trade outside of Europe.

30. Fall of the Roman Empire • During the Middle Ages (500-1400), Europe experienced a decline after the fall of the Roman Empire. • Feudalism- Western European Kings grant power to nobles who owned land, creating an uneven heriarchy of power. • Manorialism – Economic ties between serfs and nobles • Created social classes

32. “I work very hard. I go out at dawn, driving the oxen to the field, and I yoke them to the plough; however hard the winter I dare not stay home for fear of my master; but, having yoked the oxen made the ploughshare and coulter fast to the plough, every day I have to plough a whole acre or more.” • --quoted in Colloquy

33. The Age of Discovery (15th -16th Centuries) • Back to the Crusades… • Demand for foreign goods was high in Europe (spices, sugar, salt, silk) • European traders reap huge profits • More tax $ for countries= more money spent on exploration. • Less reliance on the feudal system.

35. The Renaissance • Renaissance – 1350-1600 (about) • Intellectual revolution in Europe. • Highly influenced by the Middle East • New Technologies • Caravel (Portuguese), Lateen Sails (Indian) • Astrolabe (Muslim), Compass (Chinese)

36. New Technologies-cont. The Printing Press – 1454 – John Gutenberg • Greater access to maps and knowledge • Less “rediscovery”

37. Religion in Europe • 15th Century was rough for Roman Catholicism • Protestant Reformation • Indulgences • Martin Luther • Church of England

38. First European Explorers • Find a sea route to Asia • 1419 – Henry the Navigator • 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias • 1497 – Vasco da Gama • Discovered water route to Asia. • Vikings were first to the New World, about 1000 AD • Leif Ericsson – Set up colonies in Newfoundland, but they failed. No success, no credit!

39. Assessment • Look at the map on pg 34. First, answer question number 1. • Now, answer these questions: • After the discoveries of Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama, which European cities had the greatest trade advantages? • If I wanted to ship spices over land from India to Cordoba, Spain, what would be the easiest path for my goods to travel?

40. Sec. 5 Europe Encounters America

41. Question Time… • Why were Europeans ready to explore? • Why would they want to explore? • What happened that made them change their isolationist ways? • Make a cause and effect T-Chart justifying your response.

42. Cause and Effect of European Exploration Causes Effects Exchange of goods, services, and ideas between cultures.  Slave Trade  Disease swaps  • Crusades • Weakening of Feudalism– More power for nobles, less for kings. • Renaissance • New tech.=> Compass, Astrolabe, Caravel • Competition between nations. • Missionary zeal - Pilgrims

43. Christopher Columbus • “America was discovered accidentally by a great seaman who was looking for something else: when it was discovered it was not wanted; and most of the exploration for the next fifty years was done in hope of getting through or around it. America was named after a man who discovered no part of the New World. History is like that, very chancy.” - Morison

44. Why is Columbus Famous?? • Leif Ericsson discovered North America nearly 500 years before Columbus. Why does history remember Columbus and not Ericsson? • History honors the successful…

45. Columbus Background • Christopher Columbus • Italian navigator, believed the Earth was round. • NOT a new idea. Claudius Ptolemy drew circular maps of the Earth in AD 200, complete with lines of longitude. Pg 39

46. Columbus’ Problem… • Columbus is quoted: “…the end of Spain and the beginning of India are not far apart… and it is known that this sea is navigable in a few days’ time with a favoring wind.” • Severely underestimated the size of the Earth. • Why important? –See Google Earth • Waited 7 years for final approval. • King Ferdinand of Spain

47. Columbus’ Voyage • Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria • Reached land Oct. 12, 1492 • Watlings Island, San Salvador (Bahamas) • Found very little… • Indengiounous People – Called them Indians • Small deposits of gold • Explores other islands, returns to Spain • Promises Ferdinand more gold than he can dream of.

48. Columbus • His findings encourage other expeditions. • His success is due to the fact that it was publicized.

49. Race to Claims • Portugal and Spain were nearly at war over disputing trade routes. Pope Alexander VI had a solution: • 1493- Line of Demarcation (Bull of Demarcation) • Vertical line of separation in the Atlantic ocean between Spain and Portugal. Spain gets the Americas. • 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas • Significance?

50. Spain Explores America • Juan Ponce de Leon – Governor of Puerto Rico, discovers Florida in 1513. Searched for the “fountain of youth”. • Vasco de Balboa – First European to reach Pacific coast of America.