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Logic and Argument Unit

Logic and Argument Unit. “ In a Republican nation, whose citizens are to be led by reason and persuasion and not by force, the art of reasoning becomes of the first importance.” -Thomas Jefferson. Logical Fallacies. If “Logical” means  Pertaining to reason or sound judgment,

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Logic and Argument Unit

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  1. Logic and Argument Unit “In a Republican nation, whose citizens are to be led by reason and persuasion and not by force, the art of reasoning becomes of the first importance.” -Thomas Jefferson

  2. Logical Fallacies If “Logical” means  Pertaining to reason or sound judgment, And if “Fallacy” means  deceptive, misleading, or false nature; erroneousness. Then what is a logical fallacy? It is a flawed or false conclusion based on the premises. • appeal to fear • personal attack {ad hominem} • false dilemma • false analogy • slippery slope • non sequitur • false authority

  3. Appeal to fear Trying to scare people into support or action http://youtu.be/8s-NIS1HhsY - Life Alert

  4. False Authority Using a biased or suspicious authority to support a case Commercial http://youtu.be/quZriO55wGk

  5. Slippery slope the assumption that something is wrong because it could lead towards something that is wrong. "Allowing abortion in the first week of pregnancy would lead to allowing it in the ninth month." "If we legalize marijuana, then more people will try heroin.“ "If I make an exception for you then I'll have to make an exception for everyone."

  6. Non Sequitur “It doesn’t follow” a conclusion does not follow logically from what preceded it.

  7. Non Sequitur • This war is righteous because we are Americans! • You will do what I say because you are my wife! “It doesn’t follow” a conclusion does not follow logically from what preceded it. Q: How was the dinner I cooked you? A: Well I just love how you set the table so beautifully.

  8. Non Sequitur • This war is righteous because we are Americans! • You will do what I say because you are my wife! “It doesn’t follow” a conclusion does not follow logically from what preceded it.

  9. False Dilemma The “either/or” argument makes it appear that there are only two options when there are actually more options. Look, you are going to have to make up your mind. Either you decide that you can afford this stereo, or you decide you are going to do without music for a while. • http://youtu.be/Dln3DJEcghY

  10. False Analogy Because my English teacher and my mom are both female adults in my life, my teacher should wash my dirty laundry for me. Setting up a false comparison in the attempt to prove a point Black is to white as hot is to warm. • http://youtu.be/6z31tXadSdAhttp://youtu.be/e8aj1AlYvxI

  11. personal attack {ad hominem} • Diverting from the argument or issue by personally attacking the opponent • aka name calling "Von Daniken's books about ancient astronauts are worthless because he is a convicted embezzler." http://youtu.be/ggIMaZbxEl4

  12. Slippery Slope False Analogy Ad Hominem False Dilemma Non Sequitur Appeal to Fear False Authority REVIEW QUIZ! See what you know.

  13. Identify the fallacy: A husband comforts his wife. The wife is near tears. Husband: Stop worrying. Please…calm down! Wife: You just don't understand! She's only 13. If she goes to the movies with a boy this weekend, she'll be married in four years; she'll never go to college. She'll be driving kids to kindergarten before she's 20!

  14. Identify the fallacy: Two political candidates are having a debate. Candidate 1: Isn’t it true that you are a cat owner?? Candidate 2: …yes? Candidate 1: Well then, it’s clear to me and the voters that you care little about healthcare and in fact, hate all people with allergies.

  15. Identify the fallacy: Two friends getting coffee during a break. QUESTIONER: So! Who is your choice for Mayor? FRIEND: I would never vote for Jones! QUESTIONER: Why? FRIEND: He has a big car, a big house. He's probably a rich snob. I don’t think he’ll be a good mayor.

  16. Identify the fallacy: A Blackman high school student in his/her essay: “…either we do away with block scheduling entirely or we say goodbye to the best graduation rates in the county.”

  17. Identify the fallacy: A political ad endorsing a certain candidate- “The terrorists want you to support Bill Haslam. A vote for him is a vote for the end of life as we know it.”

  18. Identify the fallacy: An editorial in a magazine- “People who don’t agree with gay marriage are bigots who hate gay people.”

  19. Louise is running for class president. In her campaign speech she says, "My opponent does not deserve to win. She is a smoker and she cheated on her boyfriend last year." • What’s the conclusion? • What premises is it based on? • If we assume the premises are true, does it mean that the conclusion is GUARANTEED to be true? • Which logical fallacy has Louise committed?

  20. Jeff's mom is concerned when she finds out that he skipped class one day. She tells him that she is concerned that since he skipped one class, he will start skipping more frequently. Then he will drop out altogether, never graduate or get into college, and end up unemployed and living at home for the rest of his life. • What’s the conclusion? • What premises is it based on? • If we assume the premises are true, does it mean that the conclusion is GUARANTEED to be true? • What type of fallacy has Jeff's mom committed?

  21. Dana is trying to raise money for her university's library. In her address to the board of trustees, she says, "We must raise tuition to cover the cost of new books. Otherwise the library will be forced to close.” • What’s the conclusion? • What premises is it based on? • If we assume the premises are true, does it mean that the conclusion is GUARANTEED to be true? • Of what fallacy is this an example?

  22. Persuasive Devices http://youtu.be/ohoXZ6EcneA

  23. Bandwagon Everybody’s doing it. If you want to be cool, jump on the “bandwagon” and do it to. The implication is that you must join in to fit in.

  24. Loaded words or glittering generalities uses appealing words and images to sell the product. use of great sounding but meaningless words the opposite of name calling http://youtu.be/0E1nB-3l4GE

  25. Testimonial A famous personality or expert is used to endorse the product

  26. Name calling “In Georgia, one Republican candidate for governor, Karen Handel, said the other [Nathan Deal] needed to “put on big boy pants.” http://youtu.be/O217Dcn68rM http://youtu.be/OW6e38lUngI links a person, or idea, to a negative symbol. Compares on product to another Arouses prejudice through labeling

  27. Plain folks http://youtu.be/ILyOOJ6UIlI http://youtu.be/lNFuEcy5ekg The suggestion that the product is a practical product of good value for ordinary people.

  28. Snob Appeal • http://youtu.be/NmannAYiwh0 the use of the product makes the customer part of an elite group with a luxurious and glamorous life style

  29. Misuse of Statistics Making up, confusing, or using statistics out of context enhance the message http://youtu.be/VZPjJI0K7Bk

  30. Transfer • http://youtu.be/9XzpBIJ3tQw associating the product with a positive emotion

  31. Let’s watch a few commercial montages and see what combinations they use….http://youtu.be/ohoXZ6EcneAhttp://youtu.be/8veL1kAeGmghttp://youtu.be/s__nHCNT8y8

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