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Community Interactions

Community Interactions. What is community? What is population?. QUICK REVIEW. Community Interactions. Powerfully affect an ecosystem Include: Competition Predation Symbiosis. Competition.

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Community Interactions

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  1. Community Interactions

  2. What is community? What is population? QUICK REVIEW

  3. Community Interactions • Powerfully affect an ecosystem • Include: • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis

  4. Competition • When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same place and the same time • Resource any necessity to life • Plants and animals compete • Winner and losers

  5. Interspecific competition • Competition between same two species • When 2 or more species rely on same limited resource in a community • Ex. African savannah

  6. Rules, rules, rules • Fundamental rule in ecology • Competitive Exclusion Principle • Russian biologist G.F. Gause • Paramecium caudatum vs. Paramecium aurelia • 2 species so similar in requirements that the same resource limits both population’s growth, and one species may succeed over another • No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat and the same time • Prevents competition

  7. Niche • Each species unique living arrangement in a community • “Role” • Ex. Lizards in a rainforest • Includes: • Habitat • Food sources • Time of day organism is most active

  8. Predation • Interaction where an organism captures and feeds on another organism • Predator • Organism that does the killing and eating • Prey • Organism that is being killed and eaten (victim)

  9. Predator Adaptations • Speed • Agility • Coloring/camouflage to ambush prey • Packs/teams • Ex. Wolves • Acute senses • Ex. Rattle snake heat sensor organs • Claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poison

  10. Prey adaptations • Safe locations • Flee • Coloring/camouflage to hide • Defensive coloration • “warning coloration” • Mimicry • Organisms imitate dangerous organisms by appearance and actions • Hawk moth larva • Plants • Thorns, spines, poisonous chemicals

  11. Symbiosis • Any relationship where two species live closely together • Symbiosis literally means “living together” • 3 main types • Parasitism • Mutualism • commensalism

  12. What type of relationship is this? • Who is helping who?

  13. Mutualism • Both species benefit from the relationship • A Happy couple • Flowers and bees • Flowers need bees for pollination, bees need flowers nectar

  14. What type of relation ship is going on here? • Who is helping who?

  15. Commensalism • One member of the relationship benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped • One-sided • Food or shelter • Barnacles on whale

  16. Ants and aphids

  17. What type of interaction is going on here?

  18. Parasitism • One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it • Parasite obtains all or part of its nutrients from the other organism • Host • Organism that is harmed in relation ship; the one that provides the nutrients to the parasite • Parasite • Organism that gets its nutrients from the host • Do they want to kill their host? • No, because they need them…they will weaken or hurt the host in some way

  19. Recap • What are the three types of interactions in a community? • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis • What types do we have? • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

  20. Ecological Succession • Do all ecosystems stay the same all the time? • What are some things that cause changes to ecosystems? • Natural and unnatural • Quickly and slowly

  21. Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human and natural disturbances. • As an ecosystem changes, older habitants die out and new organisms move in, causing more change

  22. Ecological Succession • Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time • Physical environment • Natural disturbance • Human disturbance

  23. Primary Succession • Succession on land that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists • Volcanic eruptions • Glaciers melting

  24. Stages of Primary Succession • Start with no soil, just ash and rock • First species to populate this area • “pioneer species” • For example, pioneer species on volcanic rock are lichens (LY-kunz) • Lichens made up of fungus and algae that can grow on bare rock • When lichens die, they for organic material that becomes soil…now plants can grow

  25. Secondary Succession • Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil • Natural • hurricane • fires • Human disturbances • Farming • Forest clearing

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