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Community Interactions

Community Interactions. Competition Predation Symbiosis. Populations vs. Communities. What is the difference between a biological population and a biological community?

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Community Interactions

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  1. Community Interactions Competition PredationSymbiosis

  2. Populations vs. Communities • What is the difference between a biological population and a biological community? • A biological population is a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time, while a biological community is made of interacting populations in a certain time.

  3. Competition • Organisms of the same or different species attempt to use the same ecological resource (food, water, space) in the same place at the same time

  4. Two different butterfly species feeding on the same flowers Two organisms want the same thing Competition

  5. Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism Predation predator prey

  6. Predation • Grizzlies prey upon salmon

  7. rabbit coyote Predation • Rabbit and Coyote

  8. ADAPTATIONS How could the fur color of the rabbit be a benefit or advantage?

  9. ADAPTATION Any trait or characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival in its environment. An adaptation is result of natural selection.

  10. Natural Selection: Individuals of a species that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce successfully. Example: The white rabbit & the brown coyote, the rabbits fur blends in with the snow. Helping it survive in its environment.

  11. EVIDENCE OF NATURAL SELECTION • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFOW6UxHRLE

  12. REMEMBER THAT: An organism does not change because of need or desire to survive. The organism either already has the variation (DNA)that enables it to survive or it dies.

  13. Ultimate Predator? • Why is man sometimes called the “Ultimate Predator”?

  14. Predator Prey Populations • The population of an animal’s prey has a huge affect on its own population. As the prey’s population increases, the predator population also increases.

  15. Predator Prey Populations As the predators eat their prey, the prey population decreases. Since there is less food to go around, the population of predators will also begin to decrease which will allow the population of prey to begin to increase. This pattern will continue indefinitely as long as both populations remain healthy.

  16. Carrying Capacity The maximum number of a species that can survive in a certain area due to the limitations of nutrients and water

  17. Carrying Capacity As members of a species reproduce there will be plenty of resources available below the carrying capacity for new members of the species.

  18. Limiting Factors • Do populations often grow exponentially? • What are limiting factors? • Limiting factors are any factors (things) that affect an organism’s ability to survive in its environment. These factors affect population growth. • Examples? • availability of food and water, predators, temperature, space/shelter, and disease

  19. Density-Dependent Factors • What are density-dependent factors? • Factors that depend upon the size of the population. These factors will have an increasing effect as the population size increases. • Examples? • availability of food and water, competition, predators, and disease

  20. Density-Independent Factors • What are density-independent factors? • Factors that are not dependent upon the size of the population and can affect any population. • Examples? • temperature, weather (storms, floods, drought), and habitat disruption by humans

  21. Carrying Capacity When the population of organisms reaches the carrying capacity, it means that there is just enough available resources for everyone. At this point, healthy populations will stabilize.

  22. Carrying Capacity If a population does exceed the carrying capacity, the population will soon begin to decrease in size because their will not be enough resources to sustain the large population.

  23. Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis (“living together”) Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Symbiosis

  24. Both organisms benefit Examples: Flowers and insects Ants and aphids Mutualism Biology, Prentice Hall

  25. Lichen Algae and fungus living together Mutualism

  26. One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Examples: Spanish moss Commensalism

  27. Commensalism • Epiphytes “air plants” Biology, Prentice Hall

  28. Whales & Barnacles (and lice) Commensalism

  29. One benefits; one harmed Examples: tapeworms inside mammals; fleas, ticks, and lice on mammals Parasitism

  30. Ticks The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the other organism, the host. Parasitism Before After Blacklegged Tick: An adult female blacklegged tick, engorged after a blood meal, rests on a leaf.

  31. Parasitism • Parasites have evolved in such a way that they harm, but usually do not kill the hostspecies

  32. Mistletoe More than just a “kissing catalyst” Parasitism

  33. Predation • Predation is where one organism kills another for food. • Predators seek out and eat other oraganisms. • The animals that predators eat are called prey

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