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Ethnicity

Ethnicity. Difference Between Race & Ethnicity. Race. Ethnicity. Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. French for “generation” Biology Common ancestor Traits passed genetically Example: African American Traces ancestry back to African immigrants.

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Ethnicity

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  1. Ethnicity

  2. Difference Between Race & Ethnicity Race Ethnicity Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. French for “generation” Biology Common ancestor Traits passed genetically Example: African American Traces ancestry back to African immigrants Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Greek for “nation” Culture Traditions from a particular hearth Example: African American Traces culture back to Africa

  3. Difference between Ethnicity & Nationality Ethnicity Nationality Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Culture Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there. Location

  4. Nationalism • Loyalty to a location • Nationalism can be an example of a centripetal or centrifugal force • Centripetal forces • Unify • Stabilize • Strengthen • Bind together • Fosters solidarity • Centrifugal forces • Divide • Devolution • Disrupts order • Destabilize • Weaken bonds

  5. Nationalism Positives Negatives Promotes culture Creates pride in nationality & national interests Unites (Centripetal) Example: WWII Roosevelt, Churchill, Allies used nationalism to unite & ignite their countries towards victory Promoting nationalism at the expense of other nation-states Divides (Centrifugal) Example WWII Hitler, Mussolini & Tojo used nationalism to exploit their countries to commit genocide & subjugate other nations

  6. Forces in India Centripetal Centrifugal Religion Hinduism Language Hindi or English Government Representative democracy Transportation Railroads Expressions of national pride General: anthem, flag, sports Specific: Cricket Religion Hinduism vs. Islam Language 14-18 official languages (4 language families) Government 28 states in India Ethnicities Sikhs in Punjab Disputes Kashmir dispute between Pakistan & India

  7. States • Nation-states • Part-nation states • Multinational states • Stateless nations

  8. Nation-States • Ethnicities became nationalities with the rise of nation-states • Concept of nation-states developed in Europe in the 19th c. • Examples • Iceland • Denmark • Poland • Japan

  9. Part-Nation States • A nation dispersed across and predominant in two or more states • Arab Nation

  10. Multinational States • Multiethnic state • Example: U.S. • Many ethnicities contributing to a single nationality • Multinational state • Examples • U.K. : English, Scottish, Welsh & Irish • U.S.S.R : 15 republics = 15 largest ethnicities = 15 countries

  11. Stateless nations • A nationality that doesn’t have a territory of its own • Kurds & Assyrian Christians in Iraq • Palestinians • Roma • Chechnya • Basques

  12. Kurds

  13. Palestinians

  14. Roma

  15. Chechnya

  16. Basque

  17. Ethnic Conflict

  18. Ethnic Conflict Africa • Apartheid in South Africa • Civil War between Eritrea & Ethiopia • Sudan • Ethnic Cleansing in Rwanda & Burundi

  19. Apartheid • South Africa • Created four “racial” classes: black, white, mixed, or Asian • Restricted • Live, work, school, own land • Occupations & wages • Blacks could not vote or run for national office • Homelands • Way to geographically isolate races • Repealed in 1991 • Let’s see what has happened since then...

  20. Civil War between Eritrea & Ethiopia • After WWII, Eritrea was given to Ethiopia • Ethiopian outlawed Eritrean language & local government • 1961 – 1991 • Civil War between Ethiopians & Eritrean rebels • Est. 665,000 refugees fled to Sudan • 1991 • Eritrea defeats Ethiopia, gains independence • National identity acted as a centripetal force for Eritrea’s two major ethnic groups, Tigrinya & Tigre • As time has passed, there have been conflicts

  21. Sudan • North: Arab-Muslim dominated • South: Black Christian & animist • War between the North & South in an attempt to move from a multinational state to a multiethnic state resulted in the creation of a new state, South Sudan • West: Black Muslim in the Darfur region • Fighting began in 2003, est. 400,000 have died, 2 million have become refugees • UN considers the rape & mass murders to be genocide • East: A collection of ethnicities • Fought 2004 – 2006 over oil profits

  22. Ethnic Cleansing in Rwanda • Two major ethnic groups • Hutus – 85% • Tutsis – 14% • During colonial era: • Tutsis held position of power over Hutus • Post-colonial era: • Hutus used majority to come to power; reprisals against Tutsis escalated matters • Ethnic Cleansing (More accurately Genocide) • 1994: Presidents of Burundi & Rwanda killed in plane crash blamed on Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), a group made up of displaced Tutsis • For several weeks, systematic attacks of Hutus against Tutsis killed as many as 1 million people; between 150,000 – 250,000 women were raped

  23. The 8 Stages of Genocide • Classification ("us" vs. "them") • Symbolization (hate speech) • Dehumanization ("swine," "vermin") • Organization (special units) • Polarization (propaganda) • Preparation (lists, targets) • Extermination (murder) • Denial (complete denial, “accidents,” etc.)

  24. Ethnic Conflict in Europe • Yugoslavia • Bosnia • Kosovo • Balkanization

  25. Yugoslavia 7 – neighbors • Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary & Romania 6 – republics • Bosnia & Herzegovina (1), Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia & Slovenia 5 – nationalities • Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, Slovenes 4 – official languages • Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene 3 – major religions • Roman Catholic, Orthodox & Islam 2 – alphabets • Roman & Cyrillic 1 – currency • Dinar

  26. Break-up of Yugoslavia • Ethnic conflict reemerged in Yugoslavia in 1980s • Led to the creation of 6 sovereign nations (not nation-states, as we will see later) • Bosnia & Herzegovina • Croatia • Slovenia • Macedonia (often referred to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or FYRM) • Serbia • Montenegro

  27. Bosnia & Herzegovina • Ethnicities • 48% Bosnian Muslim • 37% Serb • 14% Croat • Serbs & Croats tried to make areas of the country so homogenous that they could then join with Croatia or Serbia • Ethnic Cleansing • 1996 reached an agreement to divide up country • Serbs = ½ land • Croats = ¼ land • Muslims = ¼ land

  28. Kosovo • Serbia still a multiethnic country • Kosovo = 90% ethnic Albanians • 1998 • Serbia began ethnic cleansing Kosovo of ethnic Albanians • 750,000 of the 2 million ethnic Albanians fled to Albania • U.S. & Western Europe gets involved • Serbia withdraw and Kosovo declared independence • 60 countries recognize its sovereignty • Including U.S. • Excluding Serbia & Russia

  29. Balkanization • Too many ethnicities to divide up into one or more stable states • Example of Balkanization • WWI volatile states of the Balkan Peninsula drag larger states into conflict • With the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia & Kosovo, Balkanization is reemerging as a major concern.

  30. Other Ethnic Conflicts • Lebanon • Indian & Pakistan • Sri Lanka

  31. Lebanon • Religious • 60% Muslim • Shiite majority, Sunni minority • Druze, once separate, now consider themselves Muslim • 39% Christian • Maronite majority, Orthodox minority • Ethnicities • Christians: Phoenicians (once occupied Lebanon) • Muslims: Arabs • 1943: Lebanese independence • Chamber of Deputies • Required each religion be represented • Christian majority = control • Muslim majority now led for calls of equality • Civil War 1975 – 1990 • U.S. & Israeli involvement to restore peace, unsuccessfully. Left under Syrian control until 2005 • 1990: Agreement divided Parliament into equal halves for the two major religions

  32. India & Pakistan • 1947 • British end colonial rule, divide up area in India & Pakistan (East & West; East Pakistan became Bangladesh) • Reason for division: religion & ethnicity • Pakistan: Muslims • India: Hindus • Kashmir • Region in northern Pakistan & India • Pakistan controls western portion (Jammu), India controls eastern portion (Kashmir) • Muslim make up a majority in both regions • Warfare to gain unification with Pakistan or independence • Punjab • Sikhs constitute majority in Punjab state of India • Violence to get more control or complete independence

  33. Sri Lanka • Ethnicities: • Sinhalese = 82% • Buddhism, Indo-European language • Tamil = 14% • Hinduism, Dravidian language • Civil War • 1983 – 2009 • Tamils feel Sinhalese discriminate against them through government, military & economic control • Tamil lost the Civil War, multinational state status may change • Religion: Buddhism, Language: Sinhala

  34. Ethnicities in U.S.

  35. Ethnicities in the U.S. • Ethnic Breakdown • Hispanic/Latino = 16.3% • African America = 13.6% • Asian American = 5.6% • American Indian = 1%

  36. Hispanic/Latin Distribution • Distribution (as of 2010) • Clustered in the Southwest • California = 37.6% • Arizona = 29.6% • Nevada = 26.5% • New Mexico = 46.3% • Texas = 37.6% • 87% of total Hispanic population in four states • California = 33% • Texas = 20% • New York = 17% • Florida = 17% • 2/3 of all Hispanic Americans come from Mexico

  37. Distribution of African-Americans • Distribution (as of 2010) • Clustered in the Southeast • Alabama = 26.8% • Georgia = 31.5% • Louisiana = 32.8% • Maryland = 30.9% • South Carolina = 28.8% • Mississippi = 37.6% • Other areas of high concentration • Washington D.C. = 52.2% • Very few African Americans • Northeast • Maine = 1.6% • New Hampshire = 1.7% • Vermont = 1.5% • Northern border states • Montana = 0.8% • North Dakota = 1.6% • South Dakota = 1.8%

  38. Asian American Distribution • Distribution (as of 2010) • Clustered in the West • Hawaii = 57.4% • California = 14.9% • Washington = 9.0% • Nevada = 9.0% • Other areas of high concentrations • New York = 8.2% • Lower concentrations • South • Mississippi = 1.1% • Alabama = 1.4% • West Virginia 0.9%

  39. American Indian & Alaska Native Distribution • Distribution • California = 13.9% • Oklahoma = 9.2% • Arizona = 6.8% • Texas = 6.0% • New York = 4.2% • Majority in all American Indian & Alaska Native in 10 states • California, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas & New York • New Mexico • Washington • North Carolina • Florida • Michigan

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