Recognition of Israel by Turkey

1. Recognition of Israel by Turkey Gokten Mert Aydogdu 9 Eylul Uni. Int. Relations DRAFT

2. Recognition of Israel by TurkeyCompliance 2 Why was Turkey the first Muslim country to recognize Israel ? While the rest of the Middle Eastern states could not even stand the idea of an existence of a Jewish state that was established on the land of Palestinians?

3. Foreign Policy Analysis 3 • Domestic Environment • International Environment • Psychological Environment • Operational Environment

4. International Environment 4 • Dependent Development • Pro Core Foreign Policy • Consensus

5. Historical Background 5 Israel is a holy land for Jews. In the history, land of Israel belonged to Israelis by the name of Israel Kingdom. Kingdom of Israel (1020-722 BCE) Kingdom of Judah (931-586 BCE)

6. Historical Background • Sabbatai Zevi is the Jewish messiah and he was the founder of the Jewish Sabbatean movement. • His messiahism is coming from declaration of Israel’s establishment at near future. POPULAR SABATAIST • Mustafa Kemal • Mustafa Kemal’s wife Latife • Mustafa Kemal’s daughter Ülkü’s husband • İnönü’s wife • Adnan Menderes Sabataism is not just only religion movement, it is also culture too. Secular westernist Jewish culture.

7. Historical Background:Reestablishment of Israel 7 • Jews believed that Israel was promised to them by God and one day messiah would come and Jewish land will belong to Jews again. • Religion is very important for Jews. • Sample stamp. • Theodore Herzl who was not treated fairly in the French army because of his Jewishness decided to establish a state that would bring all of the Jews together. • Alfred Dreyfus advocated the importance of Jewish state.

8. Theodore Herzl’s offer to Sultan Abdülhamit In 1896 Theodore Herzl met with the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to put forward hisproposal for a Jewish state in Palestine. Sultan Abdülhamid refused Herzl's offer to pay down a substantial portion of the Ottoman debt in exchange for a charter allowing the Zionists access to Palestine.

9. Beginning of Jewish Immigration to Land of Palestine In spite of Sultan Abdülhamid’s refusal Jewish groups slowly and secretly started to move to Palestine During the first aliyah, over 25,000 Jews arrived in Palestine from Russia between 1882 and 1903. They were joined by 40,000 additional Russian Jews in the second Aliyah between 1904 and 1914. Third group of around 25,000 arrived in the aftermath of WWI. Final and largest aliyah, consisting of 60,000 Polish Jews came to Palestine between 1923 and 1926.

10. Historical Background:Events Leading to the Establishment of Israel Collapse of Ottoman Empire during the First World War Zionists during the War sided with Israel Balfour Declaration (2 Dec 1917 The declaration was ade in a letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild. The statement was issued through the efforts of Chaim Weizmann and Nahum Sokolow, the principal Zionist leaders based in London; as they had asked for the reconstitution of Palestine as “the” Jewish national home, the declaration fell short of Zionist expectations. The "Balfour Declaration" was later incorporated into the Sèvres peace treaty with Turkey and the Mandate for Palestine. The original document is kept at the British Library. 2 Nov is the Jewish day at Israel and protest day at Arab countries.

12. Historical Background:Events Leading to the Establishment of Israel • British were caught between Zionist Jews and Palestinian Arabs they both want Palestine • More Jewish immigration • British leaving the Middle East and UN taking over • Acceptance of Partition of Palestine (Resolution 181) • Establishment of Israel on May 14, 1948 • Beginning of Arab-Israeli Wars • Another point is Ataturk – Ben Gurion meeting at Jerusalem , 1911 autumn night. Ataturk said to Gurion “Every jew in this country would do well to join his camp.”

13. Ben Avi – Ataturkmeeting

14. Ben Gurion: Father of Jews 14 • Ben Gurion was student at Istanbul University at 1911-1913. • Founder of MOSSAD at Istanbul, Misir Han. • May 14, 1948 Ben Gurion announced the birth of Jewish state, Israel. • In a 15 minutes USA and Russia recognized the Israel. • In 24 hours Arabs (Muslims) declared war to Israel.

16. Why did Turkey recognize Israel? 16 Turkey is the first Muslim country that recognized Israel Is it a consensus or not? If yes, then why? Israel was not a UN member, Turkey could not get into dialogue with Israel.

17. What does Compliance Mean?Dependent Foreign Policy According to Jeanne Hey: A weak or periphery country that is dependent on a core politically, economically or cultural sometimes aligns its foreign policy with the core country  pro-core foreign policy Sometimes it does not align its foreign policies with the core  anti-core foreign policy

18. What does Compliance Mean?Pro-core and Anti-core Foreign Policies According to Jeanne Hey: Pro-core foreign policy Compliance Consensus Anti-core foreign policy Counterdependence Compensation

19. What does Consensus Mean? Consensus among elites in the periphery and core leads to foreign policy alignment. In addition to material ties, the peripheral elites share ideological views on politics and economy with elites in the core. In many cases peripheral elites are educated in the core. (Ataturk’s second language is French and he growed with French books) This confluence of interests, background and opinions leads to agreement between peripheral and core leaders (who are part of the dominant economic class) on many issues, including foreign policy. Foreign policy alignment in these cases is consensual not compliant.

20. Why did Turkey recognize Israel? 20

21. Why did Turkey choosed consensusin this foreign policy? • Russian Threat • Turkish Government trying to get into Western Axis • Turkish Military trying to get into Western Axis • Economic Factors • Psychological Impact & Elite’s opinion • Immigration of Turkish Jews to Israel • Cultural Background (Explained at Background and childhood of Ataturk)

22. Consensus – As a result of Russian Threat 22 • In the aftermath of Second World War • In 1945 Soviet leader Stalin threatened Turkey • to occupy Kars and Ardahan • to establish Russian bases in the Turkish Straits • Turkey that has been neutral since the beginning of the establishment of Republic of Turkey now has no choice but to ally with the Western Bloc USA

23. Consensus – As a result of Russian ThreatTurkey wants to become a member of Western Bloc In order to ally with the Western Bloc and USA and become a member of NATO for its protection from the Soviet Union Turkey had to comply its foreign policies with the United States One important example of this consensus was Turkey’s recognition of the establishment of Israel in 1948 (as the first Muslim country while the other Muslim countries were disgusted with the idea of establishment of Israel)

24. USA is supporting the Establishment of Israel USA is supporting the establishment of Israel in the Middle East Strong Jewish Lobby in the USA A non-Communist country in the Middle East A pro-USA country in the Middle East that will GIVE usa the chance to have a role in the region

25. Compliance – Westernist Government 25 Secular countries at World Most Muslim countries are not secular, Turkey wants to show that Turkey is a western country.

26. Compliance – Westernist Government 26 • Turkish government accepted Ataturk as a father of Turks and Ataturk’s way is the pro-western way… • Ataturk’s way is the secular way… • Ataturk’s way accepted by Turkish Gov. asgovernment policy. TURKEY NEED TO DESCRIBE AND SHOW ITSELF TO THE WORLD! (as Turkey is a secular, Westernist country) This consensus is the opportunity to do it.

27. Jews really like Ataturk! 27

28. ArkadasAtaturkistTought at Israel

29. Compliance – Westernist Government 29 Ataturk is a democracy and Westernist policy supporter. “I have no doubt about, American nation is with Turkish nation "Ataturk

30. Compliance – Westernist Government 30 Ataturk is a democracy and Westernist policy supporter. “I have no doubt about, American nation is with Turkish nation "Ataturk

31. Ben Gurion & Ataturk is at sameway… • Ben Gurion Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesi Dr. Nathan Aridan, Atatürk ile David Ben Gurion arasında birçok benzerlik olduğunu ve aynı amaçlar için mücadele ettiklerini ileri sürdü. Atatürk ile Ben Gorion'un benzerliklerini sıralayan Aridan, doğum ve ölüm tarihleri ile ülkeye başkent seçimindeki farklılıklar dışında önemli olan bir çok amacın benzer olduğunu söyledi. "İkisi de yeni bir millet yaratma amacı ile hareket etti" diyen Aridan "Benzer amaç ve düşünceler ile yaşadılar. Bunu yapmak için benzer reformlar yaptılar. Özellikle dil reformu ve kıyafet reformu bir ulusun kendini tamamen değiştirmesi açısından çok önemli" dedi. Ben Goriuon'un yeni ve modern bir Yahudi ırkı oluşturmak istediğini ve bunun için çalıştığını kaydeden Aridan, "Atatürk de böyle bir amaç için çalıştı ve bunu başarmak için devlet dairelerindeki İslâmi selamlaşmaları bile yasakladı. Atatürk'le beraber halk Müslüman olmasına rağmen İslâmi ibadetlerin önemi ortadan kalkmaya başladı. Ben Gurion da Yahudi ırkının ibadetlerden çok bir kimlik olarak ön plana çıkmasını sağladı" şeklinde konuştu.Türkiye'deki başörtüsü yasağından duyduğu memnuniyeti dile getiren Aridan sözlerini şöyle sürdürdü: "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün yaptığı en önemli reform hiç kuşkusuz başörtüsünün yasaklanmasıdır. Modern Türkiye'ye geldiğimde beni en çok etkileyen şey üniversitelerde başörtüsünün yasak olması ve başı açık kızlar ile erkek öğrencilerin iç içe olması ve bu şekilde eğitim görmesi oldu. Atatürk bir toplumun nasıl değiştirilebileceğini bize gösterdi. Din konusu tartışılması gereken bir konudur. İsrailliler bunu kavradı ki, yüzde 99'u Müslüman olan bir ülke dahi İslâm ülkesi olmak zorunda değildir."

32. Consensus – Westernist Military 32 • Ataturk’s way is not just only Westernist at gov., also his way contains Westernist at military, too. • Better quality weapons. • Turkey wants to belongs to NATO. • 30 countries recognized Israel and most of them is at west and building of NATO. • Important for turkey to align its foreign policy with those countries.

33. Consensus – Economic Factors 33 • By entering NATO, Turkey was expecting more political and financial aid from them. • Jews power on global banks, wants credit from World Bank • Palestine???? was third among countries that Turkey does export. Palestine or Israel? Why chose Israel again? • Israel’ s economical potential. • Israel needs cotton, grain etc, Turkey needs medicine, glass, chemical, contraction goods etc. which Israel has. • Turkey and Israel did economic agreement (4.7.1950)

34. Consensus – Economic Factors 34

35. Consensus – Psychological Impact 35 • Secular Turks hating Arabs. • At 1916 Arabs stabbed the Ottomans at the back. • Israel has technology and intelligence, Arabs has nothing… Why chose Arabs? • Turkey believes hard to diplomacy with unstable countries at middle east. Turkey is believing that Middle East countries will be still unstable and nondemocratic countries at future but Israel much more close to be stable a country.

36. Consensus – Turkish Jewish Immigration to IsraelWhere do the Jews live? 36 • After the recognizing Israel, Turkish radio announced that Turkish citizens are allowed to migrate to any country. • Russia, USA, Turkey accepted to recognize Israel because by this way Jews would immigrate to their own lands. • Also, this is what Israel wants from other countries. • Turkey wants homogeny nation building, he needs and want it, too. • This consensus is the opportunity to do it.

37. Under Normal Conditions (if No consensus)Would Turkey recognize Israel? Consensus among elites in the periphery and core leads to foreign policy alignment. Ataturk , Inonu as a Turkishelitestheyperiperyandcoreleadstoforeignpolicyalignment. In addition to material ties, the peripheral elites share ideological views on politics and economy with elites in the core. Elitespoliticsandeconomicviewsaresamewithwesternistgovernments. In many cases peripheral elites are educated in the core Ataturk’ssecondlanguage is Frenchand he readFrenchsecularbooks. This confluence of interests, background and opinions leads to agreement between peripheral and core leaders (who are part of the dominant economic class) on many issues, including foreign policy. As seen at TurkeyandAtaturk. Historicalandotherbackgrounsexplained. Foreign policy alignment in these cases is consensual not compliant. MOST PROBABLY IT WOULD NOT HAVE.

38. TheEnd, But if it happenstodaywhy it would’nt? One minute Protest of Israelians

39. Moredetails at.. This powerpoint’s text is at, www.aytash.com/mertaydogdu/master/israel-recognation-turkey-consensus.pdf