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Organic Functional Groups

Organic Functional Groups. Objectives: Today I will be able to: Identify and name the functional groups in organic compounds Explain the definition of an isomer Differentiate between cis and trans isomers

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Organic Functional Groups

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  1. Organic Functional Groups

  2. Objectives: • Today I will be able to: • Identify and name the functional groups in organic compounds • Explain the definition of an isomer • Differentiate between cis and trans isomers • Informal assessment – monitoring student interactions and questions as they complete the practice • Formal assessment – analyzing student responses to the practice • Common Core Connection • Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them • Reason abstactly

  3. Lesson Sequence • Evaluate: Warm-up • Explain: Isomers, Cis vs. Trans • Explore/Explain: Functional Groups • Elaborate: Worksheet • Evaluate: Exit Ticket

  4. Warm Up Draw the structure and determine what is wrong with the name 1 – ethyl -3-methyl-2-propylpentane 2-methyl-3,4-ethylnonane 2,2- dimethyl-2-pentene

  5. Objectives Today I will be able to: Identify and name the functional groups in organic compounds Explain the definition of an isomer Differentiate between cis and trans isomers

  6. Homework • Cation/Anion Quiz sometime the week of September 8-11 • Solubility Rule Quiz sometime the week of September 15-19

  7. Agenda • Warm-up • Isomers, Cis vs. Trans • Functional Groups • Practice Worksheet • Exit Ticket

  8. Isomers, Cis vs. Trans

  9. Functional Groups Notes Outline Complete the functional groups outline using your textbook. We will review as a class.

  10. Practice Worksheet Complete the practice problems at your desk. We will review the answers as a class.

  11. Organic Notes

  12. The Shapes of Organic Molecules • In the VSEPR model, the bonds to a carbon are comprised of four electron pairs: • Single bonds: tetrahedral • One double bond: trigonal-planar • Two double bonds: linear • This helps to determine molecular shapes and how they will react with other molecules and how quickly

  13. The Stabilities of Organic Substances • Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds which are stronger than single bonds; this results from decreasing bond length • Most reactions between oxygen and organic compounds are exothermic and stable at room temperature • Special stability is associated with the presence of aromatic rings due to the overlap of the pi orbitals of the carbon atoms that cause the electrons to delocalize (resonance structures)

  14. Solubility and Acid/Base Properties of Organic Substances • Carbon Carbon and Carbon Hydrogen bonds are the most prevalent in these substances • Overall low polarity and soluble in nonpolar solvents • Molecules are soluble in water have polar groups on the surface of the molecule • Acidic substances: carboxylic acids –COOH • Basic substances: amines –NH2, -NHR, -NR2 • Amino Acids: contain both the carboxylic acid and amino groups; amphoteric (acting as either an acid or base)

  15. Introduction to Hydrocarbons Alkanes (Ethane) CH3 CH3 http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/a/ae/Ethane.png

  16. Alkanes • An organic compound containing only single bonds • Geometry of each carbon atom is tetrahedral with sp3 hybridization • These are considered saturated hydrocarbon http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ch4_hybridization.svg/178px-Ch4_hybridization.svg.png

  17. Alkanes • Straight chain hydrocarbons: carbons atoms are joined in a single continuous chain • Branched chain hydrocarbons: hydrocarbon chains with four or more atoms can form branches rather than straight chains • Structural isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements; also known as resonance structures

  18. Nomenclature of Alkanes • Find the longest carbon chain and use the number of carbon atoms http://image.tutorvista.com/content/organic-chemistry/alkanes-nomenclature.gif

  19. Nomenclature of Alkanes • Number the carbon atoms with the lowest number at the closest substituent • Name the substituent groups and if there is more than one group list them in alphabetical order with the carbon number attached Alkyl group: removing an H atom from an alkane to form a substituent group

  20. Cycloalkanes • Cycloalkanes are rings or cycles of alkanes • These are shown as simple polygons when they are drawn • Rings with less than five atoms are considered unstable • Most cycloalkanes behave like unsaturated hydrocarbons http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/cyclos.gif

  21. Alkane Reactions • Alkanes are relatively unreactive because of their stable state • Combustion: basic reaction for use of fuels http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcourse/chm110/labs/world3images/lab2b.GIF

  22. Alkenes • An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double carbon carbon bond http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ethylene-2D.png

  23. Alkene • There are several isomers that exists for an alkene when there are four or more carbon atoms • Geometric isomers: compounds that have the same molecular formula and the same groups bonded but different spatial arrangements; results from the carbon carbon double bond’s resistance to twisting

  24. Alkynes • An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple carbon carbon bond • These compounds are highly reactive http://wikipremed.com/image_science_archive_th/030101_th/197600_800px-Acetylene-2D_68.jpg

  25. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Are planar rings with a sigma and pi bond • Chart of common aromatic ring systems are on page 977 http://www.chem.lsu.edu/lucid/courseinfo/chem1002/Image20.gif

  26. Functional Groups: Alcohols and Ethers • A functional group is a site of reactivity in an organic molecule that controls how a molecule behaves and functions • See page 980 for reference to chart

  27. Alcohols • Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives in which one or more hydrocarbons of a parent hydrocarbon have been replaced by an –OH (hydroxyl group) http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/f/m/aceticacid.jpg

  28. Ethers • Ethers are compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to one oxygen; can be formed from two molecules of alcohol by splitting out a molecule of water http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Dimethyl-ether-2D-flat.png

  29. Compounds with a Carbonyl Group • A carbonyl group is a functional group that contains a carbon oxygen double bond C = O • Aldehydes: have at least one hydrogen atom attached to the molecule • Ketones: Occurs at the interior of a carbon chain, therefore enclosed by carbon atoms

  30. Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehyde • Ketone • http://www.chemistry-drills.com/icons/1.JPG • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Ketone-general.png

  31. Carboxylic Acids • These acids contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH) and can be produced by the oxidation of alcohols http://www.biology.lsu.edu/introbio/Link2/fatty%20acids.gif

  32. Esters • Carboxylic acid that undergo condensation reaction with alcohols • Hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base is called saponification http://www.wiredchemist.com/images/structure5.gif

  33. Amines and Amides • Amines are organic bases and amides are the products of a condensation reaction between an amine and a carboxylic acid http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/r/s/tertiaryaminegroup.jpg

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