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The Changing Face of Germany in Film and Text

Explore the evolution of the press in Germany from the reconstruction period to present times, examining its role in upholding political and social order, its transformation after World War II, and the challenges it faces in the modern era.

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The Changing Face of Germany in Film and Text

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  1. The Changing Face of Germany in Film and Text Mass Media (1): The Press in the Federal Republic

  2. Gewaltenteilung (division of powers) • Three pillars creating and upholding political and social order • Legislative (Parliament) • Judicative (Judges) • Executive (Police)

  3. THE PRESS AS FOURTH ESTATE(vierte Gewalt) • mass media/the press (especially newspapers and news magazines e.g. Der Spiegel, Focus, Stern) • ‘Germans were to be reeducated gradually into the habits of a decentralised pluralist democracy, which was to be characterised by the widest possible dispersion of political and socio-economic power.’ (Humphreys, p.27: on western Allied policy towards press licensing)

  4. Warwick German Studies Web: Newspapers

  5. 1. The press in the reconstruction period 1945-1949 • 2. The press in the FRG 1949-90 • 3. Critiques of FRG mass media system after 1949 • 4. Post-unification press: ‘postmodern’ mass media

  6. Gleichschaltung • NS-measures to end cultural & political pluralism of Weimar Republic • Zentralisation of state (end of federalisation) and One-Party-State • End of pluralised media – one title dominant: Völkischer Beobachter • All media directed by NS leadership – J.Goebbels • Total control over all aspects of social life

  7. The four ‘D’s’ • Denazification • Demilitarisation • De-cartelisation • Democratization

  8. Allied measures for new political order • Initial total ban on all mass media (newspaper & radio) Law 191, 12 May 1945 • ‘Armeegruppenzeitungen’: military publications published weekly or bi-weekly by press officers of military authorities.

  9. Publications of occupation authorities • Die Neue Zeitung (US Zone) (contributions from many exiled opponents of regime, including Johannes R. Becher, Stephan Hermlin, Anna Seghers: Feuilleton editor Erich Kästner) • Die Welt (British zone) • Nouvelles de France (French zone) • Tägliche Rundschau (Soviet zone)

  10. Neue Zeitung • Printed in Munich • Contributions from many exiled writers: Johannes R.Becher, Stephan Hermlin, Anna Seghers, reviews editor: Erich Kästner

  11. Lizenzpresse

  12. Soviet Zone Idea that fascism is result of capitalism (Hugenberg Press) Take all areas of cultural production out of private ownership Party-affiliated newspapers Later: hegemony of single title: Neues Deutschland Western Zones Different idea about roots of NS – denial of individual rights Liberalist approach originating in values of French revolution 1789 Pluralism based on economic rights and freedoms (i.e. private ownership) Press in Soviet & Western Zones

  13. In this manner (West)Germans were to be re-educated gradually into the habits of a decentralised pluralist democracy, which was to be characterised by the widest possible dispersion of political and socio-economic power’ • (Humphreys, p. 27)

  14. INDICATIVE LICENSING DATES • Die Zeit 21. Feb. 1946. • Der Spiegel 4. Jan 1947 • Die Welt 2. April 1946 • Frankfurter Rundschau 31. July 1945 • ‘the press in Germany today is almost solely the product of the post-war years’ (Peter Humphreys, 1994)

  15. Leading Intellectual Journals • Merkur (since 1946) • Frankfurter Hefte (since 1946) • Akzente (since 1954) • Theater Heute (since 1960)

  16. Glossy magazines • Hör zu & Frauenwelt December 1945 • Sie December 1945 • Die Welt der Frau July 1946 • Der Regenbogen February 1946 • Constanze March 1948 • Freundin 1948 • Brigitte 1954

  17. Pluralism in the Press of the Federal Republic • Constitutional guarantees of press freedom. • regionalism : Kulturhoheit der Länder. • Commitment to private ownership:

  18. State press laws • Grundgesetz (national level): • Article 5, “Everyone shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his opinion by speech, writing and pictures and freely to inform himself from generally accessible sources. Freedom of the press and freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and films are guaranteed. There shall be no censorship.” • Pressegesetze (Land level) • SPIEGEL-Affair 1962 • Meinungsbildung

  19. Pluralism of privately owned press • By 1954: over 600 privately owned publishing houses • Producing 1500 different editions of daily newspapers • Total circulation: 13.4 mio

  20. Concentration of Market • Decline in publishing houses 1954-87 • Decline in numbers of newspapers but increase in readership • 1965: 543, 2015: 329 daily newspapers • Increasing concentration of press in hands of fewer companies • Springer Press by 1987: 5.8 mio readers for its newspapers (BILD, Die Welt etc.)

  21. Germany: largest newspaper market un EU • 5th largest newspapermarket/world

  22. The picture in 2014 • Trans-regional newspapers: 8 (2012: 10) • Print run: 1.24 million (2012: 1.54) • Local and regional newspapers: 313 (2012: 315) • Print run: 12.94 million (2012: 13.3) • Weekly newspapers: 20, 1.73 mio print run • Sunday papers: 6, 3.36 mio print run • Total sales of daily papers: 329 papers: 17,54 million (2004: 21.7) • Publizistische Einheiten: 130 (1954: 225) • Publishers: 351 (1954: 624) • Sources: http://www.zeitung.de/; http://print.de; https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_deutscher_Zeitungen#Tageszeitungen, Bundesverband deutscher Zeitungsverleger annual report

  23. Tageszeitungen • 4 out of 4 Germans over 14 regularly read a daily newspaper in print (= 45 million – 2012: 2/3 or 49 mio) • 800.000 subscriptions to trans-regional papers • However: 30% loss of readers in single purchased editions since 1995, 20% loss of subscribers • 27.7 million uses of internet editions • Total: 80% coverage of German readers (56.6 million) • Market Shares 2010: • Springer: 19.6% • Südwestdt. Medien Holding: 8.6% (Süddeutsche Zeitung) • WAZ (Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung) • Dumont-Schauberg (e.g. Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger) 5.5% • FAZ: 3.3% • See: Liste deutscher Zeitungen, wikipedia.de

  24. Verkaufte Auflagen • Süddeutsche Zeitung: 418.415 (2009) • FAZ: 330.000 (2014, - 17% since 1998) • Die Welt: 222.722 • Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger: 222.600 • Frankfurter Rundschau: 110.000 (2012 – loss of 50% since 1998) • tageszeitung: 56.854 • BILD: 2.650.548 (- 44% since 1998) • Der Spiegel: ca. 800.000 (-20% since 1998) • Die Zeit (weekly): 517.273 (+14% since 1998)

  25. Reichweite • Reichweite means the percentage of people reached by an advertisement-carrier (Werbeträger), i.e. a medium. • BILD: 17.9% or 11.million readers over 14 • Süddeutsche Zeitung: 1.48 million • FAZ: between 880.000 and 1.168.000 • Die Welt: 710.000 • tageszeitung: 380.000

  26. UK: print run and readership (2015) • The Sun: 1,978,702 (2012:2,582,301) • Daily Mail: 1,688,727 (2012: 1,945,496) • The Daily Telegraph: 494,675 (2012:578,774 ) • The Times: 396,621 (2012: 397,549) • Guardian: 185,429 (2012: 215,988) • The Independent: 61,338 (2012: 105,160) • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation#Circulations_2010_to_present

  27. Magazine Market • Springer and Bauer Verlag largest share • Weekly magazine larger circulation than monthly • Bauer has largest share through women’s mags (e.g. Alles für die Frau) and youth mags (e.g. Bravo)

  28. Springer Verlag • Axel Springer: “(ein) Verleger, der sich bis zu seinem Tod (1985) als politischer Missionar für die Werte der Adenauer-Ära fühlte” (Glaser, p.264) • Launched BILD in 1952 • Acquired Welt in 1953 • By late 1960s controlled nearly 30% of press in FRG (like Rupert Murdoch in UK today)

  29. Features of Springer Press • Aktuelle Nachrichten - Bild.de • Sex & crime sensationalism • Politicaly right wing • E.g. Smear campaign against APO & Rudi Dutschke

  30. The Frankfurt School • Theodor W.Adorno (1903-69) • Max Horkheimer (1895-1973 • Jürgen Habermas (1929, pupil of Adorno)

  31. Dialektik der Aufklärung • Reproduction of the same: • ‘Culture now impresses the same stamp upon everything. Films, radio and magazines make up a system which is uniform as a whole and in every part.’ (Max Horkheimer & Theodor W. Adorno, ‘The Culture Industry. Enlightenment as Mass Deception’, in Dialectic of Enlightenment, 1947, cit. Burns, p.273)

  32. Courage (Feminist magazine, 1976-1984) • Emma (Feminist magazine, since 1977), print run 67.000 (27.000 subscription) • die tageszeitung (taz, since 1979), print run: 78.000 (45.000 subscription)

  33. Heinrich Böll ‘Freies Geleit für Ulrike Meinhof?’ (First in SPIEGEL 10.1.1972) Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum, 1974 Günter Wallraff Der Aufmacher (1977) Critiques of Springer Press

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