Endocrine System

1. Endocrine System Mrs. Atchison Health Science I

2. Function of endocrine system Endocrine glands - Secrete chemicals, hormones, directly into bloodstream. - Ductless glands Exocrine glands - Secrete substance through a duct i.e.Sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas. Hormones = chemical substances that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.

3. Negative Feedback Drop in hormone level triggers chain reaction: • Blood level of hormone falls • Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland • Gland secretes more hormone • When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

4. Nervous Control • In some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland i.e. stress may cause the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline

5. What is a gland? • Any organ that produces a secretion called hormones • It is ductless • Only acts on Target cells

6. Question • Hormone release provides immediate body responses because the hormones are directed toward:  • A. cardiac cells.  • B. cyclic AMP cells.  • C. synaptic junctions.  • D. target organ cells

7. Answer • Target organ cells

8. Pituitary Gland Tiny – size of a grape Base of brain Connected to hypothalamus Anterior / Posterior lobes Cranial cavity “Master Gland”

9. Anterior Pituitary Lobe GH – Growth hormone (somatotropin) responsible for growth and development Prolactin – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone – stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormone = thyroxine (low TSH treated with synthroid) ACTH – Adrenocortiocotropic hormone – stimulates adrenal cortex

10. Question • Jackie complained to his/her doctor about nervousness, and weight loss even though he/she has had increased food intake. Laboratory tests revealed that Jackie had an elevated level of which hormone?  • A. Adrenaline  • B. Glucagon  • C. Parathormone • D. Thyroxin

11. Answer • Thyroxin

12. Anterior Pituitary cont’d FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone – stimulates growth of follicle and production of estrogen in females and sperm in males LH – Luteinizing hormone – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females

13. Posterior Pituitary Lobe Vasopressin – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve water in the body Oxytocin – released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus

14. Question • The pituitary gland is located:  • A. at the base of the brain.  • B. atop the kidney.  • C. in the chest.  • D. in the pelvic cavity. 

15. answer • At the base of the brain

16. Question • Which gland is divided into anterior and posterior lobes?  • A. Gonads  • B. Pituitary  • C. Thymus  • D. Thyroid 

17. Answer • Pituitary

18. Question • The pregnant woman began to have contractions of the uterus in preparation for childbirth. What is the name of the hormone that initiated her contractions? • A. Follicle stimulating hormone  • B. Luteinizing hormone  • C. Oxytocin • D. Prolactin

19. Answer • oxytocin

20. Thyroid Gland Thyroid Gland 1. Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue. 2. On either side of larynx, in front of the trachea. 3. H-shaped.

21. Thyroid – stimulating hormone (stimulates cellular metabolism) – Main hormone Thyroxine – controlled by secretion of TSH – controls rate of metabolism Calcitonin – controls calcium ion concentration in the body – prevents hypercalcemia

22. Question • Which gland is butterfly-shaped and located in the anterior neck on either side of the larynx?  • A. Gonads  • B. Pituitary  • C. Thymus  • D. Thyroid

23. Answer • Thyroid

24. Parathyroid Glands 4 glands size of a grain of rice Attached to posterior thyroid Produce parathormone which helps control blood calcium, prevents hypocalcemia.

25. Thymus Gland Endocrine and lymphatic organ Behind sternum, above and in front of heart Begins to disappear at puberty Produces Thymosin – reacts upon lymphoid tissue to produce T-lymphocytes

26. Question • Which gland is posterior to the sternum • A. Parathyroid  • B. Pituitary  • C. Thymus  • D. Thyroid 

27. answer • thymus

28. Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands – above kidneys Adrenal cortex secretes corticoids (anti-inflammatory hormones) and sex hormones Androgens – Male sex hormones Adrenalin – hormone from adrenal medulla, powerful cardiac stimulant, “fight or flight” hormone – response to stress Adrenal Medulla also secretes nor epinephrine – increases BP and heart rate and constricts blood vessels.

29. Question • In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight" hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This hormone is: • A. ADH.  • B. adrenalin.  • C. insulin.  • D. thyroxin. 

30. Answer • adrenalin

31. Question • The adrenal glands are located directly above the kidneys and are:  • A. composed of only a few cells.  • B. divided into the cortex and medulla.  • C. exocrine glands.  • D. pine-shaped.

32. Answer • B

33. Question • A small child was being chased by a large dog. Out of fear, the child ran really fast. Which hormone enabled the child to get away from the dog?  • A. Adrenal  • B. Parathyroid  • C. Pineal  • D. Thymus 

34. Answer • adrenal

35. Question • On his way to work, the student witnessed a traffic accident. His heart rate increased and his mental alertness improved as he assisted the victims. The student’s response result from the release of:  • A. corticosteroids.  • B. epinephrine.  • C. parathromone.  • D. thyroxin. 

36. Answer • epinepherine

37. Gonads Gonads – ovaries in female and testes in male Estrogen – Development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics Progesterone – Plays a part in the menstrual cycle Testosterone – Male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

38. Question • A 19 year old male that has not begun to develop chest hair, a deep voice, or increased muscle mass may be deficient in which hormone?  • A. Estrogen  • B. Insulin  • C. Progesterone  • D. Testosterone 

39. Answer • Testosterone

40. Question • A teenage girl that has undeveloped breasts and has not started her menstrual cycle indicates that a hormone deficiency exists. What hormone is deficient? • A. Estrogen  • B. Insulin  • C. Oxytocin  • D. Testosterone

41. Answer • estrogen

42. Steroid Abuse-has side effects

43. Steroid testing

44. question • Liver damage, heart disease, testicular changes, and breast growth in males are symptoms of • A. Addison’s disease.  • B. Cushing’s syndrome.  • C. hyperthyroidism.  • D. steroid abuse. 

45. Answer • steroids

46. Pancreas Pancreas – abdominal cavity behind the stomach Endocrine and exocrine functions Islets of Langerhans – Insulin production. Insulin promotes utilization of glucose by the cells – lowers blood sugar levels

47. Question • Which endocrine gland contains the Islets of Langerhans?  • A. Brain stem  • B. Liver  • C. Pancreas  • D. Thymus 

48. Answer • pancreas

49. Question • Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with insulin. Which of Janie’s endocrine glands is functioning inefficiently? • A. Adrenal  • B. Pancreas  • C. Pituitary  • D. Thyroid 

50. Answer • pancreas