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Understanding Sampling Methods for Research: Techniques and Types Explained

This overview provides a comprehensive look at sampling methods used in research, covering quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods approaches. It explains key concepts such as generalizability, sample size, sample error, and sample bias. Quantitative sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling are discussed, alongside non-random methods like convenience, purposive, and quota sampling. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses, influencing the validity of research findings. This guide serves as a valuable resource for researchers aiming to enhance their sampling strategies.

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Understanding Sampling Methods for Research: Techniques and Types Explained

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  1. Sampling for Research

  2. Types of Research • Quantitative • the collection & analysis of data to describe, explain, predict, or control phenomena of interest • Qualitative • the collection, analysis, & interpretation of comprehensive narrative and visual data to gain insights into particular phenomenon of interest • Mixed-Methods

  3. Samples for Quantitative Studies • Generalizability • Sample chosen should be representative of the population being examined • Sample Size • The larger the population, the smaller %age required to get a representative sample • 50% for a sample of 500, 20% for a sample of 1,500 • For smaller populations (n=100 or fewer), the entire population is typically sampled.

  4. Samples for Quantitative Studies The selection process itself is critical. For example, a voter survey that systematically excluded a particular race, class or gender would be worthless...and there are a host of other ways to ruin, or bias, a sample.

  5. Samples for Quantitative Studies • Sample Error • A random, unknown characteristic of the sample • causes the sample to not be as representative as 1st thought • Sample Bias • A systematic sampling error • Typically caused by the researcher

  6. Samples for Quantitative Studies • Methods of Sampling: • Simple Random Sample - every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

  7. Samples for Quantitative Studies • Methods of Sampling: • Stratified Sample - Population is divided into groups. Then a random sample is taken from each group

  8. Samples for Quantitative Studies • Methods of Sampling: • Cluster Sample - Population is divided into groups. Then an entire group is randomly chosen with all members of the randomly chosen group used in the sample

  9. Non-Random Sampling Methods • Non-Random Methods of Sampling: • Convenience Sample - A sample of well...convenience. Not scientific, just easy. Conclusions about the population cannot be drawn from this type of sample. • Purposive Sample • Judgment sampling • The process of selecting a sample that is believed to be representative of a given population. • Quota Sample – Process of selecting a sample based on required, exact numbers (quotas) of individuals or groups with varying characteristics.

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