MD 09.00 Lymphatic System

1. MD 09.00 Lymphatic System MD 09.01 Describe the Structure of the Lymphatic System. MD09.02 Analyze the Function of the Lymphatic System

2. Lymphatic System and Immunity • A supplement to the Circulatory System • Composed of lymph fluid, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen thymus gland and tonsils. • Lymphatic System has NO pump.

3. LYMPH FLUID • Straw-colored fluid (similar to plasma) • Also called INTERSTITIAL FLUID or tissue fluid because it is in the spaces between cells. • Fluid diffuses from capillaries into the tissue spaces.

4. LYMPH FLUID • Composed of H2O, lymphocytes, some granulocytes, O2, digested nutrients, hormones, salts, CO2 and urea. • NO red blood cells or protein molecules (too large) to pass through capillary walls.

5. LYMPH FLUID • Carries digested food, O2 and hormones to cells • Carries wastes back to capillaries for excretion • Since the lymphatic system has no pump, skeletal muscle action squeezes lymph along. • Valves prevent backward flow

6. LYMPH VESSELS • Closely parallel veins in location and structure. • Located in almost all tissues and organs that have blood vessels

7. LYMPH VESSELS • Tissue lymph enters small lymph vessels which drain into larger vessels called lymphatics. • The lymphatics flow into one of two large, main lymphatics – the THORACIC DUCT and right lymphatic duct.

8. LYMPH FLUID

9. LYMPH VESSELS • THORACIC DUCT gets lymph from left side of chest, head and neck, abdominal area and lower limbs  left subclavian vein  superior vena cava  heart. • This is how lymph fluid containing digested nutrients and other materials rejoins systemic circulation. • Lymph flows only in one direction – from body organs to the heart.

10. LYMPH VESSELS

11. LYMPH NODES • Tiny, oval shaped - size of pinhead to size of almond • Located alone or grouped • Site for lymph production and filter for screening out harmful substances • If substance can’t be destroyed by lymphocytes, node becomes inflamed (called ADENITIS)

12. LYMPH NODES

13. TONSILS • Masses of lymphatic tissue that produce lymphocytes and filter bacteria – they get smaller in size as person gets older

14. TONSILS • 3 pairs of tonsils: • PALATINE TONSILS – on sides of soft palate. • ADENOIDS – tonsils on upper part of the throat. • LINGUAL TONSILS – back of the tongue.

15. TONSILS • TONSILLITIS- infection of tonsils enlargement, difficulty swallowing, severe sore throat, fever,chills. • Removal of tonsils occurs in extreme cases. • Tonsils have important role in defense against infection.

16. TONSILS • Adenoids • Palatine Tonsil • Lingual Tonsil • Epiglottis

18. SPLEEN • Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue • Upper left abdominal cavity, just below diaphragm • Forms lymphocytes and monocytes

19. SPLEEN • Filters blood • Stores large amounts of RBC's – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood, to release RBC's • Destroys or removes old or fragile RBC's

20. THYMUS GLAND • Upper, anterior thorax, above the heart • Thymus is also considered an endocrine gland • Produces T-lymphocytes

21. SPLEEN AND THYMUS GLAND

22. IMMUNITY • The body’s ability to resist bacterial invasion and disease. • 2 general types – natural and acquired.

23. NATURAL IMMUNITY • Present at birth, inherited and permanent. • Includes: • Unbroken skin • Mucus and tears • Blood phagocytes • Local inflammation

24. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Body’s reaction to invaders. • Body makes a protein (an ANTIBODY) to combat the invader. • Body tries to make itself resistant to invader permanently. • Acquired immunity can be either PASSIVE or ACTIVE.

25. ANTIBODIES Antibodies are proteins that attack foreign material, including bacteria and viruses. Antibodies can be modified to "fit" a specific invader.  The two arms of the Y-shaped antibody bind to a foreign molecule. The stem of the antibody sends signals to recruit other members of the immune system. 

26. PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • “Borrowed Immunity” • Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies to protect from a specific disease • Immediate but temporary immunity. • Lasts 3-5 weeks. Antibodies will be destroyed by the patient’s macrophages. CONTAINS ANTIBODIES

27. PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Used when someone exposed to measles, tetanus, infectious hepatitis

28. PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Mother also provides newborn with some passive immunity. • Antibodies pass through placenta and breast milk. • This type (Natural Acquired Passive Immunity) lasts up to one year.

29. ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Immunity produced by the body. • Lasts longer. • Two types (NATURAL and ARTIFICAL)

30. NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Result of having had and recovered from a disease. • For example, a child who had measles will usually not get it again • Child’s body has manufactured antibodies.

31. ARTIFICAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Comes from being vaccinated.

32. IMMUNIZATION • Artificial resistance to a particular infection by artificial means. • Antigen injected into a person to stimulate production of antibodies. • May be a weakened virus, a toxin produced by a bacteria or a protein.

33. MD 09.00 Lymphatic System MD 09.03 Analyze characteristics and treatment of common lymphatic disorders.

34. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • ADENITIS • Swelling in the lymph glands. • TONSILLITIS • In childhood, tonsils may become infected, enlarged and cause difficulty swallowing. • Surgery done in extreme cases.

35. TONSILLITIS

36. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • LYMPHADENITIS • Enlargement of the lymph nodes. • Occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection. • Commonly called “swollen glands”.

37. LYMPHADENITIS Swollen lymph nodes in neck

38. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • HODGKIN’S DISEASE • Cancer of lymph nodes. • Painless swelling of lymph nodes is early symptom. • Treatment: chemotherapy and radiation . • Very good prognosis.

39. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS • Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. • Frequently seen in young adults and children. • Spread by oral contact (“Kissing Disease”)

40. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS • Symptoms- enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue, increased leukocytes. • Treatment: bed rest • Enlargement of spleen and liver can result.

41. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

42. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS Grossly enlarged spleen.

43. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE • Any disorder in which individual’s immune system goes awry, and forms antibodies to its own tissues. • Examples: Rheumatic Fever, Multiple Sclerosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis.

44. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • HYPERSENSITIVITY • When body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material, and instead the antibodies formed irritate certain body cells. • An abnormal response to a drug or allergen. • An ALLERGEN is an antigen that causes allergic responses. (Examples: ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods, etc.)

45. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • ANAPHYLAXIS • Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction. • Most common: bee stings, peanuts and some antibiotics. • Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive secretion of histamine.

46. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • ANAPHYLAXIS • Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels, a drop in blood pressure, fluid moves from capillaries into the tissues and bronchial (breathing) tubes constrict.

47. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • ANAPHYLAXIS • Symptoms: Breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting. • Can be FATAL!!!! • Treatment: Adrenalin (EPI-PEN). Patient should wear a medic alert tag.

48. EPI-PENS

49. AIDS/HIV • AIDS=Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. • Caused by HTLV-III • Human T-lymphotrophic Virus type III. (commonly called HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

50. AIDS/HIV HIV has turned this dying T cell into a virus-production factory. The T cell is covered with new viral particles ready to spread and infect other cells.