Chapter 15 Part 4

1. Chapter 15Part 4 The English Civil War

3. King v Parliament Since the reign of James I (1603-1625) and through the reign of his son and successor, Charles I (1625-1649)….a struggle with Parliament over taxes and civil liberties Both monarchs believed in “Divine Right” of kings and in absolutism Both defended Anglicanism

4. Parliament Included many Puritans (English Calvinists) and Presbyterians (English Calvinists who favored the Scottish Presbyterian organization of John Knox… Congregationalist

5. James I • Not as astute as Elizabeth • Flaunted his wealth and male lovers • Diminished the prestige of the monarchy • Gunpowder Plot 1605: Catholics had expected that James would be more tolerant toward them than Elizabeth…were wrong

6. The Gunpowder Plot • James ordered Catholic priests out of the country • Guy Fawkes rented a house near the Houses of Parliament • Planned to blow up the king and everyone in Parliament on November 5, 1605 • At the last minute, Fawkes and gunpowder was found by guards in the cellar

7. Guy Fawkes Day • James I ordered that Fawkes be tortured until he gave up the names of his co-conspirators • He did and was killed…so were his friends • James I ordered a popular celebration with bonfires on Guy Fawkes Day (Nov. 5)

9. James I • Was head of the Anglican Church • Not a friend to Catholics • OR to the Puritans • Constant conflict with Parliament over money • BUT he was fairly lazy with follow through concerning persecution and the like

10. Charles I 1625-49 • Twice dissolved Parliament (1629 and 1640) • Went to war with the Scots to force the Episcopal type of organization on their church • King …Archbishop of Canterbury…Bishops • Scots resisted. They liked their freer congregational organization

11. Charles I • Also had his sidekick, Archbishop Laud, persecute Puritans • Many fled to the New World in the Great Migration of the 17th century

12. Charles I ran out of money • The Scots were dangerously close to winning the war (called the Bishops Wars) • Charles called parliament together to get the money he needed to fight • Charles was asked to sign The Petition of Right in exchange for the money…he won’t

13. The Petition of Right • Only Parliament had the right to levy taxes • No one imprisoned without due process of law • All had the right to habeas corpus (trial) • No forced quartering of soldiers in private homes • Martial law could not be declared in peacetime

14. Note • Soldiers had been quartered in private homes to save money (very unpopular) • Some English nobles were arrested for refusing to lend money to the crown • Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629 • Did not get $ from Parliament so ruled without Parliament 1629-1640 called the “Thorough”

15. The Thorough • Charles I ruled as an absolute monarch for eleven years • He raised money using Medieval forms of forced taxation • Those with a certain amount of wealth were obligated to pay • “Ship Money”: All counties were now required to pay to outfit ships when before only coastal counties did

16. BUT • Religious persecution was the biggest cause of the Civil War

17. The Short Parliament 1640 • Charles had tried to force the English Prayer Book on the Scots • They fought back (again) • Parliament was reconvened but again refused to raise taxes for the king unless he agreed to the Petition of Right • He dissolved Parliament after 1 month

18. The Long Parliament 1640-1648 • 1640 The Scots invaded Northern England and Charles was desperate • He agreed to certain demands of Parliament • By this time the Puritans had the majority in Parliament against the King’s Anglican minority

19. Additional demands included • Abolish the Star Chamber • Ship money was abolished • Common law courts supreme to the King’s Courts • Parliament not to be dissolved unless it consented • Parliament had to meet a minimum of once every 3 years (Later the Triennial Act) • The leaders of the persecution of Puritans were to be tried and executed (including Laud)

20. Charles I • Consented to the Petition of Right and the new demands and did get the money from Parliament and then… • An Irish Rebellion broke out and Parliament would not give Charles more money • He had several Parliamentarians arrested • Charles declared war on his opponents in Parliament

21. Civil War • The Cavaliers supported the king • Clergy and supporters of the Anglican Church • Most of the old gentry of the North and West • Irish Catholics who were more afraid of Puritans than of the Anglicans

22. Civil War • Roundheads (Calvinists) opposed the king • Were mostly Congregationalists and Presbyterians • Alliance with the Scots (had to promise in return that after the war England would adopt the Presbyterian organization) • Most businessmen and some nobles • Were led by Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army

23. Later in the war… • The Roundheads became divided • Divisions between Puritans, Presbyterians and non-puritans developed late in the war • Charles I surrendered to the Scots • Parliament ordered the army to disband • Cromwell refused

24. Prides Purge 1648 • A part of Cromwell’s New Model Army removed all non-puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament • Left Parliament with only 1/5 of its members • Was called a Rump Parliament • Done without Cromwell’s knowledge

25. 1649 Charles I was Beheaded • The first king in European history to be beheaded by his subjects • The king’s wife and two sons fled the country • The Interregnum 1649-1660 (Cromwell)

26. New Sects Emerged • Levellers: Radical religious revolutionaries who wanted social and political reforms to a more egalitarian society • Diggers: denied Parliament’s authority and rejected private ownership of land • Quakers: Believed in an “inner light” (a divine spark within all persons), rejected church authority, were pacifists, allowed women to preach