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Chapter 15, part 2

Chapter 15, part 2. Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System. SECTION 15-3 The Organization of Sensory Pathways. First, second, and third order neurons. First order neurons Sensory neurons that deliver sensory information to the CNS Second order neurons

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Chapter 15, part 2

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  1. Chapter 15, part 2 Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System

  2. SECTION 15-3The Organization of Sensory Pathways

  3. First, second, and third order neurons • First order neurons • Sensory neurons that deliver sensory information to the CNS • Second order neurons • First order neurons synapse on these in the brain or spinal cord • Third order neurons • Found in the thalamus • Second order neurons synapse on these

  4. Somatic sensory pathways • Three major pathways carry sensory information • Posterior column pathway • Anterolateral pathway • Spinocerebellar pathway

  5. Figure 15.6 Sensory Pathways and Ascending Tracts in the Spinal Cord Figure 15.6

  6. Posterior column pathway • Carries fine touch, pressure and proprioceptive sensations • Axons ascend within the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus • Relay information to the thalamus via the medial lemniscus • Decussation

  7. Figure 15.8 The Posterior Column Pathway and the Spinothalamic Tracts Figure 15.8a, b

  8. Anterolateral pathway • Carries poorly localized sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature • Axons decussate in the spinal cord and ascend within the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts • Headed toward the ventral nuclei of the thalamus

  9. Figure 15.8 The Posterior Column Pathway and the Spinothalamic Tracts Figure 15.8c

  10. Spinocerebellar pathway • Includes the posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts • Carries sensation to the cerebellum concerning position of muscles, tendons and joints

  11. Figure 15.9 The Spinocerebellar Pathway Figure 15.9

  12. Visceral sensory pathways • Carry information collected by interoceptors • Information from cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X delivered to solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata • Dorsal roots of spinal nerves T1 – L2 carry visceral sensory information from organs between the diaphragm and pelvis • Dorsal roots of spinal nerves S2 – S4 carry sensory information below this area

  13. SECTION 15-4The Somatic Nervous System

  14. Somatic motor pathways • Upper motor neuron • Cell body lies in a CNS processing center • Lower motor neuron • Cell body located in a motor nucleus of the brain or spinal cord

  15. Figure 15.10 Descending (Motor) Tracts in the Spinal Cord Figure 15.10

  16. The corticospinal pathway • Provides voluntary skeletal muscle control • Corticobulbar tracts terminate at cranial nerve nuclei • Corticospinal tracts synapse on motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord • Visible along medulla as pyramids

  17. Pyramids • Most of the axons decussate to enter the descending lateral corticospinal tracts • Those that do not cross over enter the anterior corticospinal tracts • Provide rapid direct method for controlling skeletal muscle

  18. Figure 15.11 The Corticospinal Pathway Figure 15.11

  19. medial and lateral pathways • The medial and lateral pathways • Issue motor commands as a result of subconscious processing • Medial pathway • Primarily controls gross movements of the trunk and proximal limbs • Includes the vestibulospinal tracts, tectospinal tracts and reticulospinal tracts

  20. lateral pathways • Lateral pathway • Controls muscle tone and movements of the distal muscles of the upper limbs • Rubrospinal tracts

  21. The basal nuclei and cerebellum • Basal nuclei adjust motor commands issued in other processing centers • Provide background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor movements • Cerebellum monitors proprioceptive information, visual information and vestibular sensations

  22. control and responses • Levels of processing and motor control • Spinal and cranial reflexes provide rapid, involuntary, preprogrammed responses • Voluntary responses • More complex • Require more time to prepare and execute

  23. Figure 15.12 Centers of Somatic Motor Control Figure 15.12

  24. During development • Spinal and cranial reflexes are first to appear • Complex reflexes develop as CNS matures and brain grows

  25. You should now be familiar with: • The components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • Why receptors respond to specific stimuli and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • The major sensory pathways. • How we can distinguish among sensations that originate in different areas of the body. • The components, processes and functions of the somatic motor pathways. • The levels of information processing involved in motor control.

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