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Chapter 15 Part 1

Chapter 15 Part 1. Wars of Religion 1559-1648. Wars of Religion 1559-1648. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1519-1559) The last of the purely dynastic wars of the 16 th Century Considered political rather than religious since both the French and Hapsburgs were Catholic

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Chapter 15 Part 1

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  1. Chapter 15Part 1 Wars of Religion 1559-1648

  2. Wars of Religion1559-1648 • Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1519-1559) • The last of the purely dynastic wars of the 16th Century • Considered political rather than religious since both the French and Hapsburgs were Catholic • France believed that a divided German State on its eastern border was more important than western European religious hegemony

  3. 1560-1648 Wars will be fought over religious issues • Spain will try to end Protestantism in Western Europe and the spread of Islam in the Mediterranean • French Catholics will try to squash the Huguenots • The HRE will try to re-impose Catholicism in Germany • A Civil War in England between Puritans and Anglicans • NOTE: Sometimes wars were fought for power and territorial expansion but were JUSTIFIED by religion.

  4. Spain • Under Philip II Spain will enjoy its Golden Age • Philip will try to re-impose Catholicism in Western Europe • Built the Escorial: A palace, monastery and mausoleum in the Baroque style • Symbolized the power of Philip AND his commitment to Catholicism

  5. The Escorial

  6. Spain v the Turks • Spain waged war against the Turks in the Mediterranean to benefit the Christian merchants • The Battle of Lepanto (1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off of the coast of Greece • Crusade-like religious fervor • Ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean

  7. Spain and the Dutch Revolt1566-1587 • The Spanish Netherlands were 17 sovereign provinces each led by a Statholder • Each were self-governing: Made own laws, collected own taxes • Were connected economically and by a common ruler (Spanish monarch) BUT no sense of Federation

  8. The Spanish Netherlands

  9. The Spanish Netherlands • All provinces sent representatives to the States General BUT important decisions were made in home provinces • In the South 10 provinces spoke French and made their $ through textiles: wool and linen • In the North 7 provinces spoke Dutch and made $ through fishing, shipping and international Banking

  10. Antwerp • Was the chief European financial and commercial center • Antwerp was at the center of many intersecting trade routes • Stuff came from all over the world • Harbor could accommodate 2500 ships at one time • 5,000 merchants from all over the world gathered daily at the Bourse (the stock exchange)

  11. The Netherlands and the Church • Corruption in the Church and Renaissance ideas prompted a call for reform • 1520’s and 1530’s: The Bible was translated into Dutch and the spread of Luther’s ideas • The Netherlands was urban (unlike the rest of Europe) and ideas spread rapidly

  12. The Netherlands under Charles V • Charles was born in Ghent • Was Flemish. Spoke language, knew customs • Charles V identified with the Netherlands and they with him • When the Dutch embraced Calvinism (Dutch Reformed) Charles reacted with mild repression and condemnation…not effective

  13. Philip II and the Netherlands • Philip was Spanish • No identification with the Dutch • When young was a wild child • When older pious, religious, intolerant

  14. Remember • Lutheranism was no threat to existing political authority • Calvinism was. They encouraged opposition to what they believed was “illegal authority” • By 1560’s most Dutch cities had strong militant minorities of Calvinists

  15. The Dutch • A big middle class population • Calvinism had appeal: • Intelligent seriousness • Moral gravity • Emphasis on hard work • Working class in the North converted because the bosses would only hire Calvinists • Were well-organized and had financial backing

  16. 1556 Philip II appointed his ½ sister, Margaret as Regent of the Netherlands • She was supposed to impose the Inquisition • But lacked money so raised taxes • Dutch resisted…pointed out that the Dutch paid more taxes than the Spanish • She raised taxes anyway

  17. Revolt • August 1556 Grain prices went way up • Hurt poorest classes the most • The Dutch attacked: not people but religious idols in churches • Was incited by Calvinist preachers • First target: Cathedral of Notre Dame (Antwerp) Built 1124-1518. Was huge, beautiful • Was totally dismantled by mobs in 6 days • Then 30 more churches and libraries were burned

  18. Philip II sent 20,000 Troops under command of the Duke of Alva • Ruthless extermination of religious and political dissidents • Now…inquisition AND tribunal • Called the Council of Blood • 3-3-1568: 1500 executed • Margaret was revolted and resigned

  19. Alva levied a 10% sales tax on ALL transactions • Caused widespread hardship

  20. 1568-1578 Civil War • Provinces united under William the Silent (of Orange) • Catholics v Protestants • The Provinces v the Spanish

  21. 1578 Philip sent nephew, Alexander Farnese with German mercenaries • To crush revolt • Farnese fought patiently…one city at a time • One city after another fell to the Spanish • THEN at Antwerp, William the Silent opened the dikes and flooded the city • Drove the Spanish out • Stalemate

  22. The Union of Utrecht • Was formed by the 7 northern provinces • 1581 Declared independence from Spain • North had many canals • Was highly defensible • Could break dikes and flood invaders out

  23. The 10 Southern Provinces • Remained under Hapsburg control • Land was flat • Not defensible • Power and influence : landed Nobility • In the North: commercial aristocracy

  24. The Northern Provinces asked for English help • Chief market for English wool • War in the Netherlands hurt the English economy • Elizabeth hedged • Then William the Silent killed… • If the Provinces failed was England next?

  25. 1585-1587 Elizabeth sent help • 2,000 troops and 250,000 English lbs • In the meantime… • Philip was getting old and was distracted • Turks again in the Mediterranean • Wives # 3 and 4 died • Heir died • Revolt of the Moriscos in Grenada

  26. Philip wanted to bring England back to Catholicism • Philip had earlier proposed to Elizabeth and was rebuffed • Now Philip backed a plot to assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots • Plot was discovered • Mary Queen of Scots was executed by Elizabeth

  27. Pope Sixtus V • Outraged by death of Mary Queen of Scots • Sent Philip II one million ducats ($) to send a fleet to England and crush Elizabeth

  28. May 9, 1588 The War of the Spanish Armada • Spain 130 ships to the English Channel • England 150 ships: smaller but more maneuverable and more fire power • Storms and squalls in the Channel • Only 65 ships made it back to Spain

  29. Spain • Will rebuild fleet and continue with Golden Age • BUT 1609 truce with the Netherlands providing for independence of the Northern provinces • The independence of the United Provinces will not be formally acknowledged by other European powers until 1648

  30. Note • Johan van Oldenbarneveldt took over for Wm the Silent • HE got English help • HE arranged the truce with Spain • HE helped to form the Dutch East India Co. in 1602 • Purpose of the DEIC was to protect Dutch trade in the East and to damage the Spanish at sea • The DEIC even had the authority to govern territory

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