UNIT 2

1. UNIT 2 Part 1 THE CLASSICAL ERA IN THE WEST

2. THE BIG QUESTIONS What factors caused the rise of Persia, Greece, and Rome? What were the major accomplishments of these “classical civilizations”? How were these civilizations shaped by their religious and philosophical beliefs and by the rule of law?

3. PERSIA

4. Persia Political developments – • Created the largest empire up to its time (more than 3,000 miles – from the Nile to the Indus) • Divided the empire into provinces • Provinces were ruled by a group of local officials loyal to the Persian king.

5. Persia • Economy – • Provinces profited from extensive trade throughout the Persian Empire • Provinces paid tributes (payment as a sign of submission) to the king • The government collected taxes from throughout the provinces • Agriculture was important for economic stability

6. Persia • Religion – • At first, were polytheistic • Zoroastrianism was introduced in 570 B.C. • Taught there were two gods (1. god of truth, light, and goodness and 2. god of darkness and evil) • Earth was a battleground between these two forces • People leading good lives would eventually go to Heaven, and those who were evil would be doomed to a fiery hell

7. Persia • Innovations – • Built a network of public roads • Uniform set of weights and measures • New cities • Achievements – • Use of money • Postal service

8. GREECE How does Greece’s geography differ from the river valleys? It lacks a major river and is almost surrounded by the sea. What geographic features caused Greek cities to be cut off from one another? Mountains and the sea.

9. Left Side • Draw a map of Greece • Locate and label: • Athens • Sparta • Crete • The Aegean Sea • The Ionian Sea • Mt. Olympus • Draw the mountains - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ • Color: • Greece – Green • Water - Blue

10. Early Greek Civilization • The Minoans – flourished on the island of Crete (2000 B.C.) • Developed own form of writing • Used copper and bronze • Skilled ship builders • Mysteriously collapsed around 1400 B.C. • The Myceneans – on mainland Greece and the coast of Asia Minor (1400 B.C. – 1200 B.C.) • Established cities • Warriors • The Dorians – conquered the Greek mainland around 1200 B.C. • Ruled during the Dark Age • Learning, the economy, and trade declined

11. Greek Culture Individual city-states (polis) Common language and traditions Same religious beliefs Close economic ties

12. COMPARING THE CITY-STATES • Sparta – the military state • Athens – the democratic state • Create a comparison chart of Sparta and Athens. Include the following headings: • Political system • Education • Social Roles • Culture

13. Left Side How was Athenian democracy different from American democracy today?

14. THE GREEK AND PERSIAN WARS As part of your notes, complete the Textbook Scavenger Hunt about the Greek and Persian wars.

15. THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREEK CULTURE Pericles, the leader of Athens, led the Greeks into a “Golden Age” following their victory over the Persians. Complete the worksheet on the Golden Age of Athens. Turn in the questions, and put the outline in your notes. Complete the first page of “Greek Geeks” and put it in your notebook. Homework: Answer the questions about the Greek philosophers.

16. PELOPONNESIAN WARS (432 B.C. – 404 B.C.) • Causes: • Rivalries between Sparta and their allies and Athens and their allies • Athens used its power to force some other city-states to pay them taxes • Sparta declared war on Athens and, after 30 years of fighting, emerged as the victor. • Results: • City-states were weakened • Poverty was wide-spread and Athens was devastated • Sparta became the leading city-state • These problems led to takeover by outsiders

17. HELLENISTIC GREECE • In 338 B.C. the king of Macedonia (Philip II) brought all Greek city-states under his control. • His son, Alexander the Great, went on to conquer most of the Mediterranean world, including Egypt and Persia (as far as the Indus River). • Alexander spread Greek culture throughout his new empire. • Blended Greek and Persian cultures • Built new cities • Encouraged learning and philosophy • Complete page 2 of “Greek Geeks” and add to your notebook.

18. MAPPING ALEXANDER THE GREAT We will complete the mapping activity in class. Homework: Answer the discussion and short answer questions on a separate sheet of paper. Write the question and the answer.

19. Activity Read over the handout of Ancient Greek achievements Place it in your handouts section of your notes

20. THE “GRANDEUR” OF ROME

21. ROME • Geography • Located on a fertile plain in the center of Italy • Close to the west coast • At a cross roads for trade and transportation • Protected from invaders by mountains and the sea • Influences • Etruscans – building, dress, organization of the army • Greeks – religion, the alphabet, architecture, literature, art

22. LEFT SIDE • Draw a map of Rome and label the following • Rome • The Po River • The Tiber River • Adriatic Sea • Draw the mountains as geographic features • Color the water blue and Rome Green

23. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC • Rome had two social classes • Patricians – wealthy landowners • Plebeians – small farmers, craftsmen, and merchants • In early Rome, the king was overthrown and made into a republic (government by representatives) • Senate – a patrician assembly (held the most power) • Consuls – elected officials • Tribunes – speakers who represented the plebeians

24. LEFT SIDE Diagram the Roman government (we will do this in class)

25. THE RULE OF ROMAN LAW • Government officials were not above the law and could not act outside the law • THE TWELVE TABLES • Issued by the Republic and placed in public meeting places • Protected the plebeians • Covered civil, criminal, and religious law • Provided a foundation for later law codes • All citizens were “equal under the law” • Contributed concept of a contract and established rules for property ownership • Established legal processes (court trials, appeals, innocent until proven guilty)

26. REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE • The Punic Wars – a series of three wars with Carthage • Destroyed Carthage, its main trading rival • Acquired territories in Spain, North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean • Julius Caesar completed the conquest of Spain and Gaul ( present-day France) • Became dictator for life • Fearing their loss of power and freedom, leading senators assassinated him in 44 B.C.

27. LEFT SIDE • Create a flow chart of events from republic to empire • Punic Wars • Marius • Sula • 1st Triumvirate • Julius Caesar • 2nd Triumvirate • Augustus • Briefly describe each one

28. THE ROMAN EMPIRE • Augustus Caesar (heir to Julius Caesar) emerged as Rome’s first emperor • Assumed monarch-like powers • Preserved Rome’s republican institutions • Removed corrupt officials • His successors were worshipped as gods and greatly expanded Rome’s territory

29. LEFT SIDE: Draw the boundaries of the Roman Empire and label the main territories on your map handout

30. PAX ROMANA “The Roman Peace” (27 B.C. – 395 A.D.) • A long period of peace ushered in by Augustus • Great engineering feats • Concrete for large buildings • A network of nearly 50,000 miles of roads and bridges • New cities • aqueducts • Rome was a center of commerce, communication, trade, politics, culture, and military power • Expansion changed its basic character • Professional armies loyal to its generals • Large force of slaves performed much of its labor

31. Continued… • Public entertainment to keep the poor occupied • Gladiator games in stadiums like the colosseum • Bread and circuses • Women • Passed from the authority of their fathers to that of their husbands • Could not hold office • More equality than in Greek society • Could own property and make wills

32. LEFT SIDE Create an ad for one of the Roman technologies or entertainments from the PaxRomana period. Make it neat, colorful, and informative!

33. RELIGION IN ROME • In early times, the Romans adopted the Greek deities • During the empire, the emperors were worshipped as gods • Jewish Diaspora (dispersion) • Jews refused to worship emperor • Revolts in 66 A.D. and 135 A.D. • Romans destroyed the Jewish temple in Jerusalem and drove the Jews out of Israel • The Rise of Christianity • Based on the teachings of Jesus who was crucified by the Romans for his teachings • Spread by his followers who were persecuted for their beliefs • Eventually became the official religion of the Empire

34. Activity Begin filling out your religions chart. We will do Judaism together, since we learned about it in Chapter 2 Add Christianity on your own

35. FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE • Rome began its decline in the third century A.D. • Later emperors tried to reverse the decline • In 284 A.D. divided into two parts to be governed more efficiently • Constantine temporarily reunited the empire and moved its capital to Constantinople • In the late 300s Germanic tribes began entering the empire • In 476 A.D. the last emperor in the west was overthrown (the eastern empire, the Byzantine Empire, survived for another thousand years)

36. LEFT SIDE Create a diagram for the reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire describing political, economic, and military weaknesses, as well as invasions. Ex. Fall of the Roman Empire

37. Activity Read the handout of achievements of the Roman Empire Place it in the handouts section of your notebook