Section 2 Chapter 5

1. Understanding Human Differences Multicultural Education for a Diverse America 3rd Edition By Kent L. Koppelman Section 2 Chapter 5 Race and Oppression:The Experiences of People of Color in America

3. What could the European settlers have learned from Native Americans Native Americans ?

4. Medicinal properties of plants: • 75% of all prescription drugs today extracted from plants are derived from native healing practices Hygiene: • Native Americans bathed regularly; Europeans thought this caused illness Governance/Gender Equity: • Women played a role in Native American governance practices

5. Ecology: • Native Americans believe human beings should live in harmony with nature Child Rearing: • Native American children were given freedom to play and learn and were punished by scolding not beatings

6. What was the main source of conflict between Europeans and Native Americans ? Ownership of theLANDand itsRESOURCES

7. Why are Indian TREATIES still important today ? Treaties establish Indian legal rights asSOVEREIGN NATIONS

8. Why were Native American TREATIES consistently violated ? TreatiesdefinedIndian lands, but treaties wereviolatedwhenRESOURCES were discovered GOLD in the Black HillsOIL in Oklahoma

9. What are other contemporary issues affecting indigenous people ?

10. Stereotypical Images Economic and Social Problems • Indian mascots for sports teams • Portrayal in the Media • Unemployment • Alcoholism • Domestic Abuse Hostility toward Tribes • Tribes operating casinos • Hunting rights disputes Ongoing Exploitation by industry and the Federal Government

11. How did Africans come to America African Americans ? • Indentured servants • Purchased from West African countries • 5 to 6 million died during the “middle passage”

12. Slavery Issues • Slave owners with large numbers of slaves made enormous profits (spent $12-$13 annually on a slave who could produce $260 in profit) • Laws passed to force Black indentured servants into slavery • Free and enslaved Africans protested against slavery

13. Why did Blacks fight on the American side during the Revolutionary War ? Washington did not want to recruit Blacks; but when the British began doing so, Washington was forced to recruit them as well

14. ? How was slavery addressed in the new nation • The Constitution allowed slaves to be imported for 20 years • Anti-slavery organizations lobbied to end the slave trade permanently • People organized to help slaves escape (Underground Railroad)

15. What role did Blacks play during the Civil War ? • Slaves disrupted the Southern economy • Over 200,000 Blacks fought for the Union • After the war Blacks were elected to office • White organizations like the Ku Klux Klan used violence to regain power for whites

16. How did Black citizens in the South respond to this transformation ? • Blacks emphasized education: • Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee trained Blacks primarily for menial jobs • W.E.B. Du Bois advocated for stronger academics • Southern Blacks migrated to northern cities

17. ? Was there a decrease in discrimination against Blacks after World War I 1920s: • Black soldiers were denied awards for military achievements • Ku Klux Klan was revived 1930s: • Black agricultural and domestic workers denied social security and minimum wage • President Roosevelt’s Executive order forbid discrimination in defense industries • Blacks were given leadership positions (the “Black Cabinet”)

18. ? What gains did Black Americans make during the 1940s and 1950s • More Blacks had union membership • Blacks gained new access to military units and leadership roles • President Truman’s executive order forbade racial segregation in the military • Blacks initiated activities opposing racial segregation • Brown v. Board of Education decision declared segregation as unconstitutional

19. ? What got Americans’ attention concerning racial injustice • Murder of Emmett Till • Non-violent tactics of Martin Luther King, Jr. • Challenging oratory of Malcolm X

20. What goals did the Civil Rights Movement achieve for African Americans ? • Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade racial discrimination • Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected Black voting rights

21. Asian Americans What actions illustrated anti-Chinese attitudes in America ?

22. Asian Americans What actions illustrated anti-Chinese attitudes ? • California passed a law mandating a mining tax on foreigners • Employers exploited Chinese by paying low wages • Individual Chinese were physically attacked • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882, 1892, and 1902) outlawed Chinese immigration permanently

23. How did Americans react to Japanese immigration ? • Japanese were exploited primarily in agricultural work • Japanese were seen as people who would not assimilate • Newspapers referred to Japanese as the “Yellow Peril”

24. What was the Gentleman’s Agreement of 1908 ? Japan agreed to end Japanese immigration to the U.S. except for family and “Picture Brides” • allowed for matchmaking between Japanese men in the U.S. and families in Japan

25. What advantage did the Niseihave ? Niseiwere second generation Japanese born in the U.S. • American citizens by birth • Land could be purchased or leased in their names

26. What actions were taken against the Japanese during World War II ? • Japanese families were relocated to camps around the U.S. • They lost their businesses and homes and many possessions

27. What other Asian immigrants faced anti-Asian attitudes ? • World War IIFilipino veterans were not immediately given American citizenship as promised • Even marriage to U.S. soldiers did not protect Korean women from anti-Asian attitudes • Discrimination occurred against Southeast Asian immigrants: Vietnamese, Laotian, Hmong, and Cambodians

28. What is the “Model Minority”myth ? White Americans used the success of many Asian-Americansto argue that race did not prevent someone willing to work hard from achieving success in America

29. How does the “Model Minority”myth distort reality ? The MYTH ignored : • Pattern of Asians living in areas where cost of living is high • Tendency for Asian households to have multiple wage earners • Discrimination faced by low-income Asian families

30. Hispanic Americans (Latino/as) What was the first Spanish-speaking group to come to the U.S. Two Spanish settlements preceded the earliest English settlements: Saint Augustine, Florida Santa Fe, New Mexico ?

31. What was the experience of Mexicans immigrating to the United States ? • Recruited as workers following the Chinese Exclusion Act • Exploited and discriminated against like the Chinese • Nativists lobbied to restrict Mexican immigration and deport Mexican immigrants • The League of United Latin American Citizens encouraged Latinos to become citizens

32. What influenced relations between Mexicans and Americans in World War II ? Bracero Program U.S. government imported workers from Mexico Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles American servicemen assaulted Mexican youth wearing Zoot Suits

33. ? Was it better for Latinos after the war Latino veterans benefited from the G.I. Bill • Received money for college • Received loans to purchase homes Latinos sponsored court cases against segregated schools • The Mexican American Legal Defense Fund was established

34. How did Puerto Ricans become citizens of the United States ? • Puerto Rico became American territory after the Spanish American War • The 1917 Jones Act gave Puerto Ricans the option to become American citizens

35. What results were achieved by Operation Bootstrap ? • American corporations purchased much land and increased industry • Industrial profits increased but wages for agricultural workers remained low • Food supply decreased requiring importation of food • Health care improved and population increased but not enough jobs

36. How do the experiences of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. compare to other Latino groups ? Puerto Ricans are more likely to: • Live in poverty and receive welfare • Live in single parent families • Attend segregated schools

37. Why has the experience of Cubans in the U.S. been so different from Puerto Ricans ? • Cuba had a history of financial success and maintained its sovereignty • Cuban immigrants were assisted by federally funded Cuban Refugee Programs • Cuban immigrants have tended to be highly educated people with resources

38. Why have other Latino groups immigrated to the United States ? • Dominican Republic – to escape financial problems • Central America (Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua) – as political refugees • South America – often highly educated professionals looking for financial advantages