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CS 575 Spring 2010 2010-05 -8

CS 575 Spring 2010 2010-05 -8. K.V. Bapa Rao. Outline. Administrative Review of previous class Discussion of Engelbart’s Paper ( contd ) Student Presentations Licklider’s papers General Discussion Summary Agenda for next meeting. Administrative. Student Presentations.

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CS 575 Spring 2010 2010-05 -8

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  1. CS 575Spring 20102010-05-8 K.V. Bapa Rao

  2. Outline • Administrative • Review of previous class • Discussion of Engelbart’sPaper (contd) • Student Presentations • Licklider’s papers • General Discussion • Summary • Agenda for next meeting

  3. Administrative

  4. Student Presentations • Deirdre Foster: Convergence • Michael Dahl: Brain-computer integration • AspetGolestanian: History

  5. REMINDER: A [flexible] structure for our study • ‘Human issues’ is all-encompassing • Many interlocking dimensions • Human roles vis-à-vis the computer • User • Inventor / researcher • Visionary • Content creator • Hacker • Criminal • Business person • Wealth generator • … • Human-computer coupling • Symbiosis, tool, …

  6. A [flexible] structure for our study (contd) • Domains of human activity • Education, Entertainment, Play, Family, Reproduction, Art ,Wealth generation, Government, consumption, religion, philosophy, … • Values • Many values depend on role, domain, … • Absolute values? • Creativity, aesthetics, access, opportunity, freedom, spirituality, rationality, peace, brotherhood, prosperity, … • Vision, potentials, realities • Babbage’s Analytical Engine, Bush’s Memex, … • Pragmatics • Is it possible? How to get there? • Techniques, Design, Technology, • Scaling and emergent phenomena • Will a whole new thing emerge if huge numbers of humans interact with computers in a certain way? How do we understand that ‘thing’? • Other aspects, dimensions?

  7. Augmenting the Human Intellect • 1962Engelbart’s report/proposal to Air Force Ofc. Of Scientific Research • http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html • Capability to obtain better solutions to complex problems • New conceptual framework • Not small tricks • Example scenario: an architect’s workday • Design alternatives • Operational environments • Functional specifications • Detailed design • Tools • Synthesis, analysis, verification, debugging

  8. Engelbart Overview • Conceptual framework is needed to know • What to augment • artifacts • language • methodology • Training • Goal: problem solving process • Process is what we actually do, and are trying to do more effectively • Structure or organization across the board • Little steps, organized as a process hierarchy • Versus objects? • Process repertoire or toolkit • Basic capabilities (‘hardware’) to higher-level capabilities • Synergy, emergent capabilities, … • Which subprocess to choose? • Executive Capability: planning, selecting, and supervising • Augmentation impact • Suppose you had a better writing tool… • Hardware, software, dictionary, spell checker, fact researcher, … • Pencil to word processor • Benefits? • Break down old process, come up with new process • New capabilities!

  9. Engelbart: Two-domain system • H-LAM/T

  10. Engelbart (contd) • Capability repertoire hierarchy • Basic capabilities (human and artifact) are the raw materials • Mental structuring (cognitive structures) • Development Models: garden, basketball team, machine building • Concept structuring • Symbol structuring • Process structuring • ‘M’ in H-LAM/T • Physical structuring • A in H-LAM/T • Interdependence among all these structures

  11. Engelbart (contd) • How did humans get ‘augmented’ during our development? • 1. concept manipulation • 2. symbol manipulation • 3. Manual, External, Symbol Manipulation • Whorf’s hypothesis: Language affects our thinking and capabilities • 4. Automated external symbol manipulation (neo-whorfian: technology affects language and capabilities) • Language can also evolve to meet conceptual and task needs (counterargument to whorfian hypothesis)

  12. Engelbart (contd) • Brick-pencil experiment

  13. Engelbart (contd) • Brick-pencil expt (de-augmentation) • Typewriter: 7 sec • Pencil: 20 secs • Brick, small letters: 65+ secs • Brick, large letters: 42 secs • Impacts on effectiveness of culture • Too hard too few people doing it • Different concepts for work, record-keeping, etc. • What about known impacts of actual augmentation, 46 years after Engelbart wrote this proposal?

  14. Engelbart (contd) • Concept structuring • concepts are tools • concepts have handles--representations • concept structures map to mental structures • some concept structures are better than others • language (natural lang esp) is the grand concept structuring tool

  15. Engelbart (contd) • Symbol structuring • some symbols work better than others • depends on the purpose • need flexibility, translatability • view generation capability (rather than physical linear ordering)

  16. Engelbart (contd) • Interdependence among hierarchies • Cyclic • Regenerative • Improvement in one category feeds improvement in other categories

  17. Engelbart (contd) • Roles and levels • executive • direct-contributive • model of executive superstructure • Bureaucratic hierarchy is onerous • contractor-subcontractor model • Flexibility in the Executive Role • executive tasks are complex • orderly flexibility requirement on symbol etc. structures is costly • disorderly process of change must be supported • ‘agile methodologies’

  18. Engelbart (contd) • Who will benefit • Every person who does his thinking with symbolized concepts • Human language, pictographs, formal logic, mathematics, … • Architects, engineers, lawyers, writers, … • ‘information workers’

  19. Human-computer symbiosis • Issues • Speed mismatch • System requirements (hardware, memory, …) • Organizational mismatch: Memory organization (Information structuring and retrieval) • Language mismatch • What versus how • I/O mismatch • Voice, mobile, touch, …

  20. Computer as communication device • “In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face” • What is communication? • Two tape recorders exchanging data • Two humans having a meeting • Collaborative Modeling

  21. Licklider Contd--Economics • Models are complex • Simplification is risky and dangerous • Oversimplification • Premature simplification • Communicating models is expensive • Cost of not doing it?

  22. Licklider Contd • Computer as switch vs. interactor • Distributed intellectual resources • ‘critical creative mass’ • Vision of internet • Store-and-forward technology • Economics: billing models

  23. Vision of internet • Node • Mediator for online life: OLIVER • Social groups • Better for individual • Better for society

  24. Summary • Human Augmentation & Man-Computer symbiosis studied systematically very early on • Licklider’s vision of internet was based on communication Led to TCP/IP

  25. Agenda for next week

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