The Macula is the oval shaped dot on the back of the eye.It is composed of blood vessels and nerves.

11. The Macula is the oval shaped dot on the back of the eye. It is composed of blood vessels and nerves.

12. It is important for the sense of sight. By convention, the optic nerve is defined as that extent of the visual system pathway from the back of the eyeball up to the optic chiasm. It contains axons of ganglion cells in the retina of the ipsilateral (i.e. same side) eye.

13. Conjunctiva The Conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the extends over the white part of the eye. It secretes mucus that covers and protects the eye. It also creates tears. This is a disease that has infected the Conjunctiva.

15. The Properties of Light

16. Main Menu

17. Light in Space

18. Reflection and Refraction

19. Light Speed

20. Types of Light

21. Black Holes

22. Worm Holes

23. Reflection

24. Refraction

25. Light Years

26. GAMAMA RAYS X-RAYS UV RAYS CLICK ON PICTURES TO LINK TO SLIDES ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

27. GAMMA RAYS USES WAVELENGTH ENERGY LEVEL

28. Gamma Ray Uses Gamma rays are used to treat people who have cancer. The rays kill all the cells that they hit. Gamma rays are also used in the making of nuclear power and weapons.

29. Gamma Rays Wavelength Gamma rays have the lowest wavelength of all the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. There wavelength is less the 1 ten trillionth of a meter. The gamma rays have a frequency of 10 to the 20power to 10 to the 21power.

30. Gamma Rays Energy Level Gamma rays have the highest energy level in the electromagnetic spectrum. The can go through almost anything. They kill all living sells that they come in contact with. The ozone protects us from these rays.

31. ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS Uses Wavelength Intensity Energy Level Click on the picture to go to page

32. UV Rays are used in lamps in hospitals. They use them to sterilize the surgical instruments. Overexposure to UV Rays can lead to dry skin or even skin cancer. UV Rays have a slightly higher frequency then visible light, and this means they have a shorter wavelength. Wavelength and Uses

33. Intensity and Energy Level UV Rays are more energetic and have more penetrating power then visible light. UV Rays have enough penetrating power to penetrate fruits and vegetables cells. It then can be used to kill the bacteria in the food.

34. X-RAYS USES WAVE LENGTH INTENSITY

35. USES There are many uses for x-rays. Your dentist uses x-rays to look at parts of your teeth. Doctors also use x-rays to see if you have any injuries like broken bones. They are also used in airports for security reasons. To the left is a picture of a hand. The x-ray photo is a negative so the bones are brighter than the tissue around it because the bones absorb more of the x-rays.

36. WAVELENGTH X-rays have a higher frequency and a shorter wave length then ultra violet radiation. The photons of an x-ray have a high penetrating power and a high energy level. The frequency of an x-ray is 10 to the 17th power all the way to 10 to the 20th power.

37. INTENSITY Since an x-ray has a high penetrating power and it has high energy it can travel through kinds of matter, an example would be bones. When x-rays hit something that is more dense the x-rays are absorbed.

38. How do we see light?

40. How our eyes work Explanation Anatomy of the eye Corrective Vision

41. Explanation Cones and rods are nerve cells that make up the retina. The retina focuses the light when it enters the eye. The cones help you distinguish colors and details of objects during the day. There are three cones in the eye; they are red, green, and blue. Rods help you see during the night.

42. Anatomy of the eye

43. Corrective Vision If the light is focussed in front of or behind the retina, you need corrective vision such as contacts or glasses. Concave lenses correct nearsightedness; convex lenses correct farsightedness. Astigmatism is blurry vision. To correct this problem lenses that have been curved unevenly are used.

44. Diffraction Bending light Prisms

45. Bending Light The process of bending light is known as diffraction. The waves have no certain pattern because they are being bent. Different colors have different frequencies, so they are bent at different angles.

46. Prisms Prisms are triangular glass objects that bend white light into the seven colors that make it up. The prism bends the light twice as it passes through, when it exits and when it enters. The colors white light bends into are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

47. Why are some people colorblind? Explanation

48. Explanation Color blindness is when you can�t tell the difference between certain colors, most often red and green. Color blindness is inherited. It effects 8% of men and 1/2% of women. This problem occurs when one set of color receptors are damaged.

49. Distinguishing different colors How people see colors Interpreting color

50. How people see colors Colors are seen when white light hits an object that reflects a certain color. The object absorbs all other colors. Whichever color is reflected is the color you see. When all colors are absorbed, you see black. When no colors are absorbed you see white.

51. Interpreting Color When you look at a yellow pencil, you see yellow. Right? That is because of the red and green cones in your eyes that respond by absorbing yellow light. When something is white, all visible colors are entering your eyes. You only see white because all visible colors make up white.

52. PRODUCERS OF LIGHT By Emily Hardegree-Ullman Laura Handzel

53. THE SIX PRODUCERS SUN ELECTRICITY FIRE ANIMALS

54. Sun Properties Producing Light Examples

55. Sun - properties - Mass: 1.989e30 kg G2 star Diameter: 1,390,000 km Temperature: 5800 K on the surface 15,600,000 K in the core 99.8% mass of solar system 75% hydrogen & 25% helium not a solid body

56. Sun - producing light - It energy out put is 386 billion billion megawatts which is produced by nuclear fission reactions. Each second 700,000,000 tons of hydrogen is converted to 695,000,000 tons of helium and 5,000,000 tons of energy in the form of gamma rays. As the rays reach the earth their temperature lets us see them as visible light.

57. Sun - examples - Our sun Stars

58. Electricity Properties Producing Light Examples

59. Electricity - properties - Energy Appears white and blue Negatively charged

60. Electricity - producing light - For an electric light to work the electricity flows into a carbonized cotton thread which begins to heat up. When the thread is heated enough, it glows. This glow is the light we see.

61. Electricity - examples - Lightning What uses electricity. Light bulbs Electric appliances Power Companies

62. Fire Properties Producing Light Examples

63. Fire - properties - Produce heat. Is in a form of a flame. Can be many colors (red, orange, blue). Can be produced in three ways: Friction Percussion With a lens

64. Fire - producing light - Fire produces light and heat resulting from the rapid combination of oxygen, or in some cases gaseous chlorine, with other materials. The light is in the form of a flame which is composed of particles that are luminous at the temperature of the burning material.

65. Fire - examples - Candles. Campfires. Fireplace. Matches.

66. Animals Properties Producing Light Examples

67. Animals (Fireflies)- properties Fly. Soft bodied beetles. Up to 2.5 cm long. Dark colored but may have yellow or orange markings. 1100 species found throughout tropical and temperate regions.

68. Animals - producing light - A firefly flashes when oxygen, which they breathe in, is allowed to combine with a substance called luciferin under the catalytic effect of the enzyme luciferase. This reaction produces a very efficient light, with almost no energy lost as heat.

69. Animals - examples - Fireflies. Deep sea creatures. Cats. Fireworms.

71. X-Rays Photon Energy-Color Frequency-Wavelength Uses

72. Ultra Violet Rays Photon Energy-Color Frequency-Wavelength Uses

73. Gamma Rays Photon Energy-Color Frequency-Wavelength Uses

74. Photon Energy and Color Out of all the electromagnetic waves gamma rays have the most penetrating power. The color is invisible.

75. Wavelength and Frequency The wavelength is <.1 (angstroms) The frequency is >10(5th)

76. Uses Cancer patients can undergo gamma radiation to treat cancer; however, frequent side effects occur, such as nausea, hair loss, and fatigue. During this treatment healthy cells are also damaged.

77. Photon Energy and ColorX-Ray X-rays photons have greater penetrating power and carry high energy. The color is invisible.

78. Wavelength and FrequencyX-ray The wavelength is 10-.1 (angstroms) The frequency is 3 X 10(17th) - 3 X 10(19th)

79. Uses X-rays are used extensively in medicine as diagnostic tools. They are used to treat certain diseases, especially cancer. They also locate foreign bodies such as bullets in the human body.

80. Photon Energy and ColorUV-rays UV photons have greater penetrating power than photons of visible light and are more energetic. The energy level is 3 - 10(3rd). The color of UV rays are invisible to the human eye, but ultra violet lights are purple so you can see the light

81. Wavelength and FrequencyUV Rays The wavelength is= 4000-10 (angstroms) The frequency is= 10(15th) - 10(17th)

82. UsesUV Rays Exposure to ultraviolet radiation enables skin to produce vitamin E, which is needed for healthy bones. Ultra Violet lamps kill bacteria and viruses, and also are uses to sterilize surgical instruments.

83. By: Jessica Nelson Amanda Draper Coley Doolittle

84. By: Sarah Sorenson Kim McKinney Megan Hall