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UNIVERSAL DESIGN

UNIVERSAL DESIGN . Design that meets the needs of every user without drawing attention to persons with disabilities. AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT.

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UNIVERSAL DESIGN

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  1. UNIVERSAL DESIGN Design that meets the needs of every user without drawing attention to persons with disabilities.

  2. AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) became law in 1990 and states that it is no longer satisfactory to provide separate facilities for people with disabilities; they must be integrated into facilities planned for the general public. The ADA law also recognizes that people with disabilities are the general public and that they are entitled to the same treatment received by the public at large.

  3. People with distinctive but similar design needs constitute special populations. This includes persons with: • Limited motion • Hearing • Vision • as well as: • the elderly who may have some form of impairment in one or more of those areas. • Interesting question: Would pregnant women be considered a “special population”?

  4. S P E C I A L P O P U L A T I O N S • While most discussion of ADA design focuses on the elderly and persons with impaired motion, hearing and vision, these are only a fraction of individuals with special needs. Other special populations include: • Children • Abused individuals, chemically dependent • Religious, ethnic and cultural groups • Convicted criminals • Mentally ill • Terminally ill

  5. The LAW of nonresidential design: A C C E S S I B I L I T Y Accessibility is optional in design of single-family homes. However, we all may encounter some form of impairment at some point in our lives. It is remarkable that our home designs are rarely planned accordingly.

  6. A D A T E R M S A N D V O C A B U L A R Y Ambulant disabled: Difficulty in walking; requiring use of crutches, cane, walker. Chair-bound disabled: Dependant on wheelchair for mobility. Minimum slope: Rise of 1 foot for every 12 feet of length. Impaired vision: Relying heavily on senses of hearing and touch. Tactile warning: Textures to indicate danger such as Braille, textures of surfaces, landings. SHALL: Must SHOULD: Optional but suggested

  7. S T E P S A N D H A N D R A I L S Many ambulant-disabled find stairs easier to negotiate than ramps. Consequently, a minimum slope for ramps is best. All ramps and steps should be well lit with focus lighting directed a walking hazards. Top of handrail should be 34-38” above the ramp or steps. Handrails should be oval or round with 1 1/2” hand clearance between the rails and the wall. Handrail gripping surface should be 1 1/4” to 1 1/2” and should not be interrupted by newel posts or other elements.

  8. W H E E L C H A I R P A S S A G E A N D T U R N I N G For a single wheelchair, 32” is minimum clearance at a point such as a door (36” is better). In a continuous passage, 36” is minimum clearance (42-48” is better). Miniumum clearance for two chairs to pass each other is 60 inches. Space required by a wheelchair to make a 180-degree turn is a clear space of 60 inches.* Clear floor space required for a wheelchair is 30” x 48” *Note: On floor plans, this is indicated by a circle with a radius of 60 inches drawn as dotted line. ---- --- ---- ----

  9. Width of wheelchair spaces Depth of wheelchair spaces

  10. D E S I G N for the E L D E R L Y • The concerns of the elderly include limited mobility, loss of hearing, and loss of visual acuity. • Things to consider: • Visual contrast in important in judging space and distance. For example, a counter top should be light or dark in value to contrast with the floor. • Way-finding is important. In a long hallway the location of doors can be indicated with a slight recess in the wall surrounding the doors. Distinctive pieces of furniture and art can be visual reminders of location. • With age, there may be a tendency for the cornea of the eye to yellow. This causes a distortion of color perception and may make a color scheme appear drab and ugly to some. A designer could use a yellow lens to evaluate color schemes for the elderly, making selections that maintain their appeal. • Select textiles for upholstery that have been specially treated to resist moisture or laminated with a thin layer of plastic.

  11. D E S I G N for H E A R I N G I M P A I R M E N T • Many of the problems associated with hearing loss center around noise and sound reverberation. • Things to consider: • Carpet and fabric wall coverings reduce noise and improve acoustics. • Good lighting is imperative for adequate decoding of manual communication and lip reading. • Good natural light helps visually and also creates the psychological feeling of openness and well-being. • Furniture arranged in a semicircle or U-shape facilitates signing and lip reading by providing clear sight lines from speaker to listener. • A round dining table is better than a rectangular table because it provides clear sight lines. • Because of the addition of extra electronic devices for hearing impairment (I.e., flashing light systems, phone systems, etc.), extra outlets should be planned to avoid the unnecessary use of extension cords.

  12. D E S I G N for V I S U A L I M P A I R M E N T • People with impaired vision rely heavily on the senses of hearing and touch. • Things to consider: • The blind need tactile warning of danger. Door handles may be textured to indicate a dangerous area beyond the door, and landings and curbs can be textured to indicate steps or changes of grade. • Gas cook tops tend to be better for the blind because the gas makes sound as it burns. • Handrails should extend 1 foot beyond the end of a doorway, even if this means extending the rail around a corner. • A lip on the counter may be helping in preventing objects from being pushed off the edge. • Furniture should have rounded corners and edges. • Changes of grade in flooring materials are obstacles for the blind and should be avoided.

  13. D O O R S A N D F L O O R S The force needed to push a door open should not exceed 8 pounds of pressure. Lever-type handles are easier to operate than round doorknobs, which are slippery and hard to operate with limited strength. Thumb-latch fixtures are equally hard to operate with limited strength or motion. Kickplates on the bottom of doors protects doors from impact of wheelchair’s footrest. Floors should have a flat, nonskid surface. If carpet is used, it should be securely attached, without a cushion or pad. Pile depthshould not exceed 1/2”. Flooring materials should be flush, since a change in depth greater than 1/2” forms a barrier.

  14. Accessibility standards are vast. The following slides are examples of ADA requirements for spaces such as bathrooms, kitchens and other areas which may require accommodation for disabled persons.

  15. K I T C H E N S All areas of kitchen should be accessible to a frontal approach as well as a parallel approach by a wheelchair. This means an access space of no less than 30” x 48” between opposing elements. Varying countertop heights are recommended. A low counter near the sink for food preparation is helpful. Heights of 28”, 32” and 36” are ideal with a maximum depth of 24”. Handles on upper cabinets should be mounted a maximum of 48 inches from the floor, with those on lower cabinets a min. of 27” from the floor. Leaving space under the counter , especially at the sink, allows a wheelchair to approach. Sink controls should be mounted on the side or no more than 18 inches from the front of the counter for easy reach. Toe-kick space under cabinets should be 12” high and 8” deep to accommodate a wheelchair footrest. Pull-out trays allow better access than standard drawers and shelves. Wall-mounted ovens and microwavesallow wheelchair access. Cook tops should have staggered burners so that the users do not have to reach over a hot burner to access a back burner. Controls should be front-mounted for easy reach.

  16. K I T C H E N S Wheelchair width for pass-through (galley) kitchens. Clearance between all opposing base cabinets, counter tops, appliances or walls within kitchen work areas shall be 40 inches minimum. Pass-through kitchens shall have two entries.

  17. Width for wheelchair accessibility in U-shaped kitchens. At least one 30” wide minimum section of counter shall provide a kitchen work surface. Clear floor space for a forward approach shall be provided and clear floor space should be centered with kitchen work surface.

  18. Bench back support: Top of the bench seat surface shall be 17 inches minimum and 19 inches maximum above the finish floor or ground. Must be 42” long and shall extend a maximum of 2 inches above seat surface to a point 18” minimum above the seat surface. Back of the seat should be a maximum of 2 1/2” maximum.

  19. B A T H R O O M S Doors should be at least 36” wide (preferably 39 inches). Pocket doors keep space clear and make access easier. No cabinet under the sink makes the vanity accessible. Toilets should be wall-mounted 19” off the floor for easy approach by a wheelchair. The toilet is most easily accessed from the side or with a diagonal approach. Grab bars must be anchored in wood so that they can support at least 250 pounds. There should be a 24- to 36-inch horizontal grab bar located behind, and 3 inches above, the back of the toilet, as well as a 30-inch horizontal bar mounted 12” from the back of the wall on the wall beside the toilet. Faucets at the sink should be lever controlled as well as side mounted. Water temperature should be set down to prevent scalding. Medicine cabinets should be mounted lower in a side wall for easy access. Vanity mirrors should be installed low enough to be used by someone seated in a wheelchair. Non-slip flooring is imperative, as is good ventilation to prevent condensation that might cause slipping.

  20. Grab-bar placement: The space between the wall and the grab bar shall be 1 1/2”. The space between the grab bar and projecting objects below and at the ends shall be 1 1/2” minimum. The space between the grab bar and projecting objects above shall be 12” minimum.

  21. T U B S A N D S H O W E R S Some users will be able to negotiate a tub, others will need to be able to wheel into a shower. Textured, non-slip grab bars mounted 32-38” above the floor make access easier. A seat in a shower is also helpful. Shower controls should be mounted no higher than 32” from the floor and lever-type, single-mixing control.

  22. Shower seats L-shaped seats: Rear edge: 2 1/2” max. Front edge: 15” min. Seat wall: 16” max. Rear edge “L”: 1 1/2” max. Front edge: 14” min., 15” max. from wall End “L”: 22” min., 23” max. Rear edge: 2 1/2” max. Front edge: 15” min. Seat wall: 16” max. Side edge: 1 1/2” max.

  23. Bathtub seats: The top of bathtub seats shall be 17” min. and 19” maximum above the bathroom finish floor. Removable tub-in seat: 15” min. and 16” max. Seat shall be capable of secure placement. Permanent seats at head end: 15” deep min. and shall extend from back wall to or beyond outer edge of bathtub.

  24. Transfer-type shower compartments: Controls, faucets and shower-spray unit shall be located above the grab bar but no higher than 48” above the floor. Where a seat is provided, the controls, faucets and shower spray unit shall be installed on the back wall adjacent to the seat wall and shall be located 27” max. from the seat wall.

  25. B E D R O O M S The height of a mattress should be equal to the height of the wheelchair. The nightstand should be the height of the bed. To accommodate a wheelchair, there must be a 60- by 60-inch clear space, usually between the bedroom door and the bed, or between the storage space and the bed. A minimum of 36 inches at the foot and far side of the bed will facilitate making the bed and cleaning. A foot board and headboard will aid in getting in and out; a slatted headboard may be helpful in turning over or moving in bed.

  26. C L O S E T S Bi-fold or sliding doors are best. Rods should be mounted 45-54 inches for access from a wheelchair. Shelves higher than 50” are not accessible from a seated position. Slide-out shelves are more accessible.

  27. O T H E R C O N S I D E R A T I O N S Electrical outlets should be 27-28 inches above the floor. Switches should be 36 inches above the floor. At least one 60-inch-diameter turning space is required in each room of the house. Drawer pulls throughout the house should be D-shaped for better gripping. Windowsills set at a maximum of 36” make windows accessible to wheelchair users. Crank-operated casement windows are better for those with impaired motion. Remember that accessibility codes dictate that sconces or other wall-mounted lighting equipment are required along the path of egress to project less than 4” from the wall if mounted below 80” or above 15” from the floor.

  28. Remember: Consult standards books, ADA guideline books for proper ADA rules and regulations for space planning. Other accessibility sources area available such as: access-board.gov/ADA-ABA

  29. M E A S U R E M E N T S to M E M O R I Z E 1 1/2” = Width of handrails, grab bars 60” = Turning radius for wheelchair, clear space passage for two wheelchairs 32” = Height of grab bars, shower controls 48” = Ideal corridor width 36” = Door clearance, height of light switches, window sill height maximum, width required for each side of a bed

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