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Introduction to Networking: Key Concepts and Protocols

This comprehensive guide covers the fundamentals of networking, including essential concepts such as internetworking, the role of routers, switches, and hubs, and various Ethernet cabling techniques. It delves into network architectures, performance measurements, and the layered approach of TCP/IP and OSI models. Protocols such as TCP, UDP, DNS, DHCP, and IPv6 advantages are discussed in detail. Understanding these elements will equip you with the knowledge necessary for successful networking in modern environments.

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Introduction to Networking: Key Concepts and Protocols

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  1. Introduction to Networking Dr. Mahdi Nasereddin PPU

  2. Introduction • Web Browser, e-mail, streaming audio, etc.. • The Web browser • http://www.google.com • 17 messages!!! • 6 messages to translate www.google.com into an IP address • 3 messages to establish a TCP connection • 4 messages used by HTTP to send a get request • 4 messages to tear down the TCP connection

  3. The Basics • Internetworking: • Communication between two or more networks via a router or gateway. • Hub? • Switches? • Routers?

  4. Hubs, Switches, and Routers • Routers • They are used to separate different networks • Main function: to route packets across networks • Deal with global addresses “IP addresses” • Hubs • Multi-port repeaters • Switches • Used within a network • Smarter than hubs • Deal with local addresses “Hardware or Mac Addresses”

  5. Media • 10Base2 • 10Base5 • 10BaseT • 100BaseTX • 1000BaseT • 1000BaseSX • 1000BaseLX

  6. Ethernet Cabling (Straight-Through Cable) • Recommended use: • Switch to router • Switch/Hub to Computer

  7. Ethernet Cabling (Crossover Cable) • Recommended use • Switch/hub to Switch/hub • Router to router • PC to PC • Router to PC

  8. Ethernet Cabling (Rolled Cable) • Recommended use: • Computer to console port of a switch or router

  9. Network Architecture • Peer to Peer • Server based

  10. Typical Networks 12

  11. Topologies • Bus • Ring • Star • Mesh • Star-Bus

  12. Bus Topology 18

  13. Simple Star Network 24

  14. Simple Ring Network 25

  15. Mesh Topology 27

  16. Star-Bus Topology 29

  17. Performance • How do we measure network performance? • Bandwidth (Throughput) • Number of bits that can be transmitted over a certain period of time (Ex. 10 Mbps) • Latency (Delay) • How long it takes a message to travel from one end of the network to the other (Measured is Seconds) • RTT • Latency = Propagation + Transmit + Queue • Propagation = Distance/Speed of light • Transmit = Size/Bandwidth

  18. Beyond the basics:The Layered Approach • Makes complex systems easier to understand • In networking, there are two approaches: • OSI • The TCP/IP model

  19. The TCP/IP Model

  20. Process/Application Layer Protocols • Telnet “Virtual terminal” • File Transfer Protocol “FTP” • Trivial File Transfer Protocol “TFTP” • Network File System “NFS” • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol “SMTP” • Line Printer Daemon “LPD” • X Windows • Simple Network Management Protocol “SNMP” • Domain Name Service “DNS” • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol “DHCP”

  21. Host to Host Layer Protocols • Transmission Control Protocol “TCP” • User Datagram Protocol “UDP”

  22. TCP versus UDP

  23. Port Numbers • Used by TCP and UDP to communicate with upper layers keep track if different conversations crossing the network simultaneously • Sender port number start at 1024

  24. Port Numbers to remember

  25. Internet Layer Protocols • Internet Protocol “IP” • IP Address: 192.168.0.1 • Like a home address for the post office • Network Address: 192.168.0.0/24 • Like a ZIP/Postal code for the post office • Denotes a range of addresses • Format • ‘Dotted-Quad’ notation: xxx.yyy.zzz.aaa • Each dotted component is an 8-bit number • Range is 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 • The prefix length (/24), is the number of significant bits in a network

  26. Addressing • Class A (N.H.H.H) • 1-126 • Class B (N.N.H.H) • 128-191 • Class C (N.N.N.H) • 192-223

  27. Practice Makes Perfect • What class does the following IPs belong to? • 132.25.23.12 • 13.25.1.1 • 200.20.3.6 • 254.23.1.14

  28. Reserved IPs • All 0s for the host address Network address • Example: 132.12.0.0 • All 1s for the host address  Broadcast address • Example: 132.12.255.255 • 127.0.0.1  local node • All 0s for the Network address This network • Example: 0.0.12.1 (If I am on network 169.23.0.0 then this is the same as my IP address 169.23.12.1) • All 1s for the Network address All networks with this host address

  29. Subnet Mask • Subnet Mask tells you what bits belong to host id and what bits belong to network id • Why were they created?

  30. NAT and PAT? • Network Address Translation • Port Address Translation

  31. Protocol: IPv6 • Internet Protocol, Version 6 • RFC 2460 • Advantages over IPv4 • More native security • Increases available address space from 32 bits to 128 bits • Easily extensible • Disadvantages • IPv4 is everywhere (cannot be replaced overnight) • More protocol overhead (addresses are now 16 bytes instead of 4) • IP routing protocols must be reworked to support it

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