1. Malawi Mozambique Angola Zambia Namibia Botswana Zimbabwe Swaziland Madagascar Lesotho South Africa

2. Bantu-Speaking People • Shana people build city state called Great Zimbabwe • -Massive (gold) trading empire 1000-1450 AD) • Mutapa Empire (1440-1500’s) replaced Great • Zimbabwe but fell after arrival of Portuguese HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Southern Africa -25% of adult population is infected (1999) 1700’s-1800’s Europeans arrive in mass British fight for control of Southern Africa with Zulu and Boers (Dutch Farmers) 1902 British forms “Union of S. Africa” South Africa  1948 policy of Apartheid -banned social contact between blacks and whites -Segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods -Most land (all good land) went to whites. -Blacks had no power in government 1949 Nelson Mandela leads ANC -African National Congress; a civil rights group that fought against the oppression of apartheid -ANC begins attacking military and government buildings in an attempt to sabotage apartheid system 1963 Mandela is captured and imprisoned 1989 International pressure forces S. Africa to end apartheid 1990 Mandela released from prison (after 27 years) 1994 Mandela is elected President of South Africa 1996 Constitution guarantees right for all citizens Economically unequal balance of wealth between blacks and whites South Africahas 2 economies -Industrial cities and modern agriculture -Subsistence agriculture and shanty-towns Botswana -Mineral wealth (diamonds) brings money to government and land owners -Not much land is used to food production

3. Western Sahara Mauritania Senegal Niger Mali Chad Gambia Burkina Faso Guinea Bissau Nigeria Guinea Ivory Coast Sierra Leon Liberia Togo Ghana Benin

4. The Gold/Salt Trade Ghana: early trading empire built by Sonike people. -Traded gold from south for salt from north. Mali: led by Sundiata, conquered Ghana; promoted agriculture. Songhai: replaced Mali after new gold fields discovered in East; led by Sunni Ali. Stateless Societies: rely on family lineage to establish control. -Much of West Africa is based on this. Economic Variation Ghana: relies on export of gold, diamonds, magnesium, and bauxite. -Has suffered civil war and military rule, but past 20 years have shown progress economic growth. Sierra Leon: poor education, poor infrastructure, a lack of skilled labor, and decades of civil war have created the weakest eco in W Africa Rich West African Culture Ashanti Crafts: from Ghana region; weave colorful cloth known as kente once reserved for royalty. Also known for woodworking (masks, stools) Benin Art: from Nigerian region; sculpture of bronze and terra cotta. Benin brass work is most impressive.

5. Central African Republic Cameroon Equatorial Guinea Gabon Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo

6. Problems with Education -No teachers -High drop-out rate -Language barrier Bantu Migration ~ 2000 BC, land shortages caused people in the area of Southern Nigeria to migrate East and South, spreading their language and culture. Democratic Republic of the Congo Mid 1800’s King Leopold II of Belgium becomes interested in the Congo Basin. -Belgium takes control of territory along Congo River; interest grows in Europe about Africa’s wealthy interior. Prior to colonization, Central Africa was divided into 100’s of ethnic groups organized as “stateless societies” Post-Colonial Africa -very poor infrastructure -weak central government; corrupt leadership Focus on Education -More skilled workers -Stronger democracy Mobutu Sese Seko 1967-uses military to take control of national economy; demands bribes.  1977-Mobutu is overthrown; other countries begin invading wealthy Congo territory. Slave Trade  African Kingdoms of the ancient world took prisoners of war as slaves, often selling them to North African Arab traders.  In the 1400’s Portugal became involved in this trade, resulting in the transport of millions of west African slaves to the Americas.

7. Djibouti Eritrea Somalia Ethiopia Uganda Kenya Rwanda Burundi Tanzania

8. Hutu vs. Tutsi Dutch colonists favored Tutsi -Tutsi given control -Tutsi minority in Rwanda and Burundi 1959 Tutsi king overthrown by Hutu militia 1972 Tutsi in Burundi attempt genocide of Hutu -100,000 dead 1970’s Hutu leadership in Rwanda begins persecuting Tutsi 1986 Tutsi refugees in Uganda form RPF 1994 President Habyarimana assassinated; massacre begins Berlin Conference 1884-1885 European powers divide Africa with out regard for the people already there. Some tribes/ethnic groups were favored over others. Results of Colonization: Ethnic Conflict -Arab (Muslim) vs. Black (Christian) in Darfur (Sudan) -Hutu vs. Tutsi in Rwanda, Burundi Dependence on Cash-Crop Agriculture Lack of infrastructure Ethiopia Menelik II pits France and Russia against Italy and is able to repel Italian invasion in 1896 1993 Eritrea gains ind. Both countries have suffered greatly in wars over border Drought and civil war have brought years of famine to Somalia History of trade and contact with East. Powerful city-states arose from trade along Red Sea and Indian Ocean -Aksum in Ethiopia -Kilwa in S. Tanzania

9. Tunisia Morocco Algeria Libya Egypt Sudan

10. Discovery of oil has changed economies of N. African countries Libya: majority of exports are petro-chemical -Libyan workforce cannot meet labor need; foreign (skilled) workers are being used, pulling money from Libyan economy -Many N. Africans have migrated into Europe looking for work (skilled and unskilled) because jobs at home are unavailable. Carthage: Ancient city-state founded by Phoenicians; became wealthy and powerful in Med. Trade, until destroyed by Rome  Souks: large open-air markets found in N. Africa  Rai: Algerian music developed by urban poor; became a form of protest music. Today is used to criticize radical Islam.  Women have traditionally played a subjugated role. Slow improvements in Tunisia. Nile floods predictably every year Egypt: Farming villages along Nile since 3300 BC; united around 3100 BC -Ruled 2600 years by Pharaohs -Built massive monuments North Africa has faced many waves of invasion by outside cultures -Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Turks… -All have left various influences and cultural traits that make North Africa different from the rest of Africa Islam spreads into N. Africa 632 AD -By 750 Muslim empires span N. Africa, connected by Mediterranean trade -Most of N. Africa today is considered Muslim (various degrees of Sharia)