1. Endocrine System Splawn

2. Function of the Endocrine System • The function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones or chemical messengers to target cells

3. Glands • Endocrine glands-ductless, internal secretion, secrete hormones directly into bloodstream • Exocrine glands-substance secreted must go through a duct. Sweat, salivary, lacrimal, pancreas

4. Hormone • Chemical messenger that tells target cells or organs how to act. • Hormones are made by the glands. • The glands pull materials from the blood and lymph to create hormones

5. Hormone Control-Negative Feedback • Negative Feedback * Blood level of hormone gets low * Message to brain that hormone level low *Areas in brain send out message to gland telling it that it needs to produce more hormone *When blood levels of hormones increase, brain gets that message and brain hormones stop

6. Hormone under nervous control • Under the nervous system, stress can cause a release of adrenalin.

7. Major glands of the endocrine system • Pituitary • Pineal • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Thymus • Adrenal • Gonads • Pancreas

8. Pituitary Gland • The master gland • Size of grape • Located at base of brain • Connected to hypothalamus • Divided into anterior and posterior lobes

9. Anterior Pituitary • Larger of the two lobes • Produces these 8 hormones

10. Anterior Pituitary Hormones • Growth hormone –GH- growth & development • Prolactin hormone- PRL-breast tissue, milk • Thyroid-stimulating hormone-TSH-thyroid gland • Adrenocorticotropic hormone-ACTH-adrenal cortex

11. Anterior Pituitary Hormones • Follicle stimulating hormone-FSH-growth of graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females and sperm in males • Luteinizing hormone-LH-stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum. Controls progesterone in females • Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone-ICSH-testosterone in males • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone-MSH-responsible for increasing skin pigmentation

12. Posterior Pituitary Gland • Vasopressin-converts to antidiuretic hormone in the bloodstream. Acts on kidney to concentrate the urine and preserve H2O in body • Oxytocin-released during childbirth causing contractions in the uterus

13. Pineal Gland • Shaped like a pine cone • Stimulated by the amount of light that enters eyes • Hits the optic nerve causing production of melatonin • The darker it is, the more melatonin produced • The lighter it is, the less melatonin produced • Melatonin is related to our sleep cycle and body temperature

14. Thyroid gland • Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue • On either side of larynx, over trachea • H-shaped • 2 inches ling

15. Thyroid Gland • Secretes three hormones • Thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin. • Thyroxin and triiodothyronine control metabolism • Calcitonin controls calcium concentration in body, prevent hypocalemia

16. Parathyroid Gland • Four glands • Each the size of a grain of rice • Attached to the posterior thyroid gland • Secrete parathormone which works with calcitonin to control blood calcium levels

17. Thymus • Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ • Located behind sternum, above and in front of heart • Begins to get smaller at puberty • Thymosin -helps stimulate T-cell production for immune response

18. Adrenal Gland • Located on top of each kidney • Each gland has two parts: the cortex and medulla • The adrenal cortex secretes corticoids (anti-inflammatory) and sex hormones (androgens) • The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine – fight or flight hormones

19. Gonads • Ovary in female • Testes in males

20. Gonads • Sex glands • Ovary responsible for producing the ova and the hormones estrogen and progesterone-secondary sex characteristics for female and controls menstrual cycle • Testes are responsible for producing sperm and the hormone testosterone--secondary sex characteristics of male

21. Pancreas • Located behind stomach • Endocrine and exocrine function • Exocrine function are the gastric juices that pass through a duct to the small intestine • Endocrine function comes from the production of insulin • Insulin promotes utilization of glucose in the cells

22. Gigantism • Hyper-function of the pituitary gland during preadolescence • Too much growth hormone causes on overgrowth of the long bones leading to excessive tallness • Treatment is drug that inhibits growth hormone and radiation • 18-21 max height

23. Dwarfism • Hypo-function of the pituitary gland in childhood • Small size • Body proportions and intellect are normal • Diagnosed early and treated with growth hormone

24. Acromegaly • Hyper-functioning of the growth hormone in adulthood • Face, hands, feet • Chin protrudes. Lips, nose, extremities enlarge disproportionately • Lethargy and severe headaches • Treated with radiation and drug therapy that inhibits growth hormone

25. Hyperthyroidism • Overactive thyroid gland • Too much thyroxin produced • The gland enlarges • Big intake, loose weight • Hot flashes, muscle weakness, irritability, tremors, increased pulse and BP • Bulging eyeballs, goiter • Radioactive iodine, removal of the gland, drug therapy

26. Hypothyroidism • Not enough thyroxin being produced by thyroid gland so gland compensates by becoming larger • May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) • Dry itchy skin, dry brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night, weight gain • Myxedema-swollen face, weight gain • Cretinism-mental and physical retardation occurs

27. Tetany • Hyopparathyroidism • Decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves • Convulsive twitching develops. Contractures develop. • Death can occur from spasms in the respiratory muscles • Treatment of Vit D, calcium, synthetic parathormone

28. Diabetes Mellitus, Type I • Cause- decreased secretion of insulin by the pancreas • Autoimmune disorder, possible viral factors • Insulin is necessary for our cells to use glucose, carbohydrate metabolism is disturbed • Glucose accumulates in the blood stream rather than being transported to cells and converted into energy • Since body needs glucose for energy but can’t get it, the body then starts to burn fats and proteins for energy • This is why the Type I (Juvenile) diabetic is very hungry but usually very does not gain weight • Symptoms-polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, possible diabetic coma

29. Type II diabetes • 90-95% of diabetics are Type II • Non-insulin dependent (usually) • Familial • Later in life • Treated with diet and weight management and medications