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Understanding Mammography: Key Insights on Breast Cancer and Imaging Techniques

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women, with 1 in 8 women affected. Mammography, also known as soft tissue radiography, is crucial for early detection, categorized into screening for asymptomatic patients and diagnostic for those with symptoms or elevated risk. Risk factors include age, family history, genetics, and socioeconomic status. Imaging techniques involve various materials and optimal settings to ensure accuracy and safety. This guide provides essential information on the anatomy, risk factors, and imaging techniques for effective breast cancer diagnosis.

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Understanding Mammography: Key Insights on Breast Cancer and Imaging Techniques

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  1. RAD 354 Chapt. 23 Mammo • Also know as soft tissue radiography • Breast CA is the 2nd leading cause of cancer related death in women (lung CA is first) • 1 in every 8 women will get breast CA

  2. Two types of Mammo • Screening – for asymptomatic patients • Diagnostic – for symptomatic or elevated risk patients • Baseline mammo is the first mammo done and is usually done prior to the age of 40

  3. Risk factors for Breast CA • Age – the oloder the higher the risk • Family history – mom/sister with breast CA • Genetics – presence of BRCA1/2 genes • Menstruation – onset prior to age 12 • Menopause – after age 55 • Late childbirth age or no kids • Education – higher ed= higher risk • Socioeconomics = higher risk with higher status

  4. Breast anatomy – all SIMILAR atomic mass density! • Fibrous • Glandular – most radiosensitive breast tissue • Adipose – less dense and less dose • If a malignancy is present, it usually presents as a distortion of ductal and connective tissue patterns • 80% is ductal and many have microcalcifications

  5. Imaging breast tissues • Low kVps = 20 – 35 kVp range • Target material is tungsten (W), Molybdenum (Mo) or Rhodium (Rh) • Filter material is dictated by target material • Beryllium or borosilicate • If tungsten target – then molybdenum or rhodium filter • Inherent filtration is approx. 0.1 mm al equiv. • Focal spot sizes 0.3-0.1mm (large/small)

  6. Other mammoinfro • Heel effect is always used (chest wall at cathode side of tube) • Compression always used: increased spatial resolution, lower pt. dose and focal spot blur • Grids are usually 4:1 or 5:1 FOCUSED • AEC’s require reproducible images at low dose kVp’s of +/- 0.1 OD

  7. Mammo Image Receptors • Historically there have been many receptors used (direct-exposure, xeroradiography, screen-film and digital receptors • Current are only screen-film and digital receptors in this country • Digital’s advantage is post image acquisition processing; disadvantage is spatial resolution limitations (pixel size of receptor)

  8. Mammo Unit

  9. Mammo Radiograph

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