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Topic # 3044 Vitamins & Minerals

Topic # 3044 Vitamins & Minerals. By: Alisa Amy Kowalski. Vitamins. Essential organic nutrient Required in minute amounts Cannot be made (synthesized by the body) Must be obtained from an external source Examples: Diet, sunshine, rumen bacteria, etc.

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Topic # 3044 Vitamins & Minerals

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  1. Topic # 3044 Vitamins & Minerals By: Alisa Amy Kowalski

  2. Vitamins • Essential organic nutrient • Required in minute amounts • Cannot be made (synthesized by the body) • Must be obtained from an external source • Examples: Diet, sunshine, rumen bacteria, etc. • Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction, & lactation • Not used directly to build body tissue

  3. Classes of Vitamins • Fat-soluble • can be stored in the liver an other fatty tissues • A, E, D, & K • Water-soluble • only a limited amount are stored • must be provided in ration • deficiencies can develop in short period of time • B, C, & Choline

  4. Types of Feeds • Animals on commercially prepared feeds do not usually have deficiencies due to feeds being fortified & balanced • Animals on pasture are more likely to develop deficiencies • May be due to • seasonal deficiency in feed • toxin or poison that “blocks” absorption

  5. Vitamin A • Development of normal, healthy skin & nerve tissue, aids in resistance to infection • Important in rations of pregnant females • All animals require a source • Deficiency signs • retarded growth in young, night blindness • Sources • whole milk, carotene, animal body oils (cod fish and tuna) legume forages

  6. Vitamin E • Normal reproduction and serves as the protector of vitamin A in poultry and cattle • Utilization is dependent on ample selenium • Deficiency signs • poor growth, “crazy chick” disease, Muscular Dystrophy, white-muscle disease in ruminants and swine • Sources • cereal grains and wheat germ oil, green forages, protein concentrates, oil seeds (peanut and soybean)

  7. Vitamin D • Essential for proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus to produce healthy bones • Deficiency signs • retarded growth, misshapen bones, lameness and osteoporosis • Sources • whole milk, sun-cured hays, forage crops, fish liver oils, irradiated yeast • Chemical forms: Vitamin D2 & Vitamin D3

  8. Vitamin K • Necessary for the maintenance of normal blood coagulation • Deficiency signs • blood loses its power to clot, serious hemorrhages can result from slight wounds • Sources • green leafy forages, fish meal, liver, soybeans, rumen and intestinal synthesis

  9. Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid • Effects metabolism of calcium • not required in rations of farm animals • Deficiency signs • none demonstrated in livestock • human deficiency -scurvy & brittleness of bones • Sources • citrus fruits, tomatoes, leafy vegetables and potatoes

  10. Vitamin B1 Thiamin • Normal metabolism of carbohydrates • Deficiency signs • loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe nervous disorders, general weakness and wasting • Sources • raw, whole grains (especially their seed coats and embryos), fresh green forage; and yeast, milk and rumen synthesis

  11. Vitamin B2 Riboflavin • For normal embryo development, metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates • Deficiency signs • poor reproduction, characterized by small litters and deformed young, digestive disturbances, general weakness, and eye abnormalities • Sources • milk and dairy by-products, yeast, green forages, well cured hay, & whole grains

  12. Niacin • Prevents vitamin or black tongue factor • Ruminants do not require due to production by bacterial synthesis in rumen • Deficiency signs • reddening of the skin and development of sores in the mouth • Sources • dried yeast, rice bran, peanut oil meal, green forage, barley grain, sorghum grains,& fish meal

  13. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine • Associated with fat metabolism • No danger of deficiency due to most feeds are fair to good sources • Deficiency signs • specific dermatitis, convulsions (in swine), and anemia • Sources • cereal grains, milk, cane molasses, yeast and rice polish

  14. Pantothenic Acid • Plays essential role in basic biochemical reactions • Synthesized by bacteria in rumen • Deficiency signs • Abnormal skin condition on face & eyes, retarded growth, & poor feather development • Sources • fresh, small grains, alfalfa hay, green pasture, wheat bran, peanut oil, dairy by-products, and yeast

  15. Vitamin B12 • Essential for normal growth, reproduction and red blood cell formation • Deficiency signs • slow growth, poor reproduction, & lack of coordination • Sources • fish meal, liver meal, dried milk products, and rumen synthesis

  16. Choline • Transportation and utilization of fatty acids • Deficiency signs • kidney and liver damage, slipped tendons in chicks, and development of fatty livers • Sources • liver meal, brewer’s yeast, fish meal, cottonseed meal, and soybean oil meal

  17. Biotin • Prevents slipped tendons in chicks and increases the hatchability of eggs • Deficiency signs • dermatitis, hair loss, slipped tendons in chicks, and reduced hatchability of eggs • Sources • ordinary feeds

  18. Folic Acid • Required for normal blood cell development & anti-anemia vitamin • Deficiency signs • megaloblastic anemia, retarded growth, poor feathering, bleaching of feathers, and poor hatchablility of eggs • Sources • forages, oil meals, and cereal grains

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