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Microprocessor and Interfacing 261214

Microprocessor and Interfacing 261214. Introduction to Microprocessors II. http://mango.e-cpe.org. What is this?. Liquid Nitrogen. Gigabyte 2009 Overclock Champion. 3.3 GHz --> 5.3 GHz. 2010 – When Overclocking goes beyond the CPU. The Winner. What Makes a CPU Hot?. Clock Frequency

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Microprocessor and Interfacing 261214

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  1. Microprocessor and Interfacing261214 Introduction to Microprocessors II http://mango.e-cpe.org

  2. What is this?

  3. Liquid Nitrogen

  4. Gigabyte 2009 Overclock Champion 3.3 GHz --> 5.3 GHz

  5. 2010 – When Overclocking goes beyond the CPU

  6. The Winner

  7. What Makes a CPU Hot? • Clock Frequency • Transistor Size

  8. How does a CPU’s transistor look like ?

  9. Regular Microscope

  10. Scanning Electron Microscope

  11. A Single Transistor

  12. Pentium Hack Done by former Motorola Engineers (makers of chips for MACs back in the day)

  13. Processor Fabrication Technology 1997 2008 2011

  14. Pentium 2 – Slot Footprint

  15. Moore’s Law (1965) “Thenumberoftransistors on a chip willdoubleabout everytwo years.”

  16. Moore’s Law True for 40 Years

  17. The Next 20 Years Transistor Count (Billion) Year

  18. Why more transistors? Pentium Core i7

  19. Transistor Usage • Larger Cache • Core i7 has up to 12Mb L3 Cache (6 Core CPUs) • More Cores • Core i7 has up to 6 CPU cores • Other core types, such as GPUs • More Complex CPU Features • Extended SIMD Instruction Set (MMX, SSE, etc) • Advanced Optimizations (Branch Prediction, OoOE, etc)

  20. System Performance is More than CPU Speed

  21. 1. All CPUs are NOT Created Equal Pipeline Example: 10 Stages vs 20 Stages 10 Clock Cycle per 1 instruction 20 Clock Cycle per 1 instruction

  22. 2. The overall speed of a system is determined by the slowest component

  23. How does the program data flow? Hello.exe Printf(“Hello World”);

  24. Execution Data flow CPU RAM Hello.exe Chipset HDD GPU(Display)

  25. 6.4 GB/s 8.5 GB/s

  26. What is a Bottleneck?

  27. 25.6 GB/s

  28. GPU(If Integrated) RAM CPU Hello.exe Chipset HDD GPU(If Discrete)

  29. Component Speeds • RAM • DDR2 - 4.2 GB/s • DDR3 (1066) - 8.4 GB/s • DDR3 (1600) – 12.5 GB/s • Hard Drive • SATA1 – 150 MB/s • SATA2 – 300 MB/s • SATA3 – 600 MB/s

  30. Conclusions:วิธีต่างๆ ในการเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพของ CPU • เพิ่มความเร็วสัญญาณนาฬิกา • ต้องระวังความร้อน • ยิ่งผลิตขนาด CPU เล็กก็จะยิ่งกินไฟน้อย • เพิ่มจำนวน transistor เพื่อใส่ความาสามารถใหม่ๆ • ลดคอขวดในระบบโดยการเพิ่มความเร็วส่วนประกอบต่างๆ ให้ไม่ทิ้งห่าง CPU จนเกินไป • ใช้ Cache และเทคนิคอื่นๆ เพื่อลดการใช้งาน ส่วนประกอบที่ช้า

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