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Colonial America: Colonization and Revolution

Explore the reasons for British North American colonization, the regions of Colonial America, mercantilism's role in the Revolution, and key figures and events such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and the Battle of Saratoga. Learn about the development of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, Marbury v. Madison, and the two-party system. Finally, delve into the Jacksonian Era, reform movements, and westward expansion.

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Colonial America: Colonization and Revolution

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  1. GHSGT United States History Review

  2. Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution Religious freedom & economic opportunity as reasons for British North American colonization • Jamestown (founded,1607) • Separatists or “Pilgrims” (founded Plymouth, 1620) • Puritans (founded Massachusetts,1630)

  3. Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution Identify the three regions of Colonial America • New England Colonies (manufacturing & commerce) • Middle Colonies (agriculture & manufacturing) • Southern Colonies (agriculture & slave trade)

  4. Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution Explain mercantilism’s role as an underlying cause of the Revolution • Home Rule (Parliamentary laws control trade) • Colonies (provide raw materials) • Britain (manufactures raw materials into finished goods)

  5. Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution Analyze Benjamin Franklin’s political cartoon “Join, or Die” • Drafted by Franklin to unite the colonies (1754) • British colonies failed to sign-on to union • Colonial autonomy prevailed

  6. Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution Analyze the theme of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (1776) • Denounced King George III • Motivated British colonies to remain in rebellion • Outlined key ideals about a separate American republic

  7. Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution Analyze the concepts in Declaration of Independence (1776) written by Thomas Jefferson • Preamble (List reasons for writing the document) • Protection of Natural Rights - People set-up government - Basic “inalienable” rights protected - Abolish government which abuses rights • Lists the grievances against King George III

  8. Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution Describe the significance of the Battle of Saratoga and its contribution to the outcome of the American Revolution • France becomes an ally of the Americans and helped defeat Britain

  9. Unit #1 – Vocabulary Terms • legislature • House of Burgesses • indentured servant • Puritan • gentry • salutary neglect • Mercantilism • staple crop • cash crop • Albany Plan of Union (1754)

  10. Unit #2 – Constitutionalism & National Development Explain the role of the compromises in the development of the Constitution • “Great Compromise” - Brokered by Roger Sherman and combined both “Virginia” and “New Jersey” plans to create current federal government structure • “Three Fifths Compromise” - Brokered between Northern and Southern states - Slaves would count three-fifths of a person

  11. Unit #2 – Constitutionalism & National Development Identify the purpose of the Bill of Rights (1791) • Protection of individual (Amendments 1—9) • Protection of states’ rights (Amendment 10) • Anti-federalists pushed for these amendments and Federalists agreed to get Constitution ratified

  12. Unit #2 – Constitutionalism & National Development Identify the role of Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Chief Justice John Marshall • Case supported the theme of “judicial review” • Increased power of the Supreme Court

  13. Unit #2 – Constitutionalism & National Development Analyze Washington’s “Farewell Address” in the development of isolationism • Address called for the United States to remain neutral in foreign policy

  14. Unit #2 – Constitutionalism & National Development Identify the role of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton in the development of the two-party system • Jefferson “Democratic Republicans” (Favored states’ rights; supported common men in government process; pro-French; and envisioned an agricultural nation • Hamilton “Federalists” (Favored stronger central government; educated men in government process; pro-British; and envisioned a manufacturing nation.

  15. Unit #2 – Constitutionalism & National Development Identify the “Missouri Compromise” of 1820 on the expansion of slavery • Missouri a slave state • Maine a free state • Allowed slavery south of a line 36 degrees, 30 minutes (except for Missouri)

  16. Unit #2 – Constitutionalism & National Development Identify the effect of the “Monroe Doctrine” of 1823 on European influence in the Western Hemisphere • Written by John Quincy Adams for Monroe’s state-of-the-union speech • Stated that the United States would help defend and involve itself in the direction of American nations against European rule

  17. Unit #2 – Vocabulary Terms • Articles of Confederation (1781—1789) • “Great Compromise” • “Three-Fifths Compromise” • separation of powers • ratification • isolationism • precedent • Federalist • Jeffersonian Republican • Adams-Onis Treaty of 1821

  18. Unit #3 – Jacksonian Era, Reform Movements & Westward Expansion Analyze the legacy of Andrew Jackson • Believed in the “Common Man” • Used spoils system to reward supporters • Created the Democratic Party • Used federal government to remove Native Americans west of Mississippi River • Won the “Nullification Crisis” with South Carolina • Defeated the Second National Bank of the United States and set up “Pet Banks”

  19. Unit #3 – Jacksonian Era, Reform Movements & Westward Expansion Analyze territorial expansion focusing on “territories acquired” and “method of acquisition” • Louisiana (1803) – Treaty with France • Florida (1821) – Treaty with Spain • Texas (1845) – Annexed • Oregon (1846) – Treaty with Britain • Mexican Cession (1848) – Treaty with Mexico • Gadsden (1853) – Treaty with Mexico

  20. Unit #3 – Jacksonian Era, Reform Movements & Westward Expansion Reform Movements of the Mid-19th Century • Abolition • Women’s Rights • Temperance • Prison Reform • Public Education • Utopian Communities • Transcendentalism

  21. Unit #3 – Jacksonian Era, Reform Movements & Westward Expansion Analyze territorial expansion focusing on “expansion of transportation” • Rivers (Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri river systems) • Canals (Erie Canal) • Railroads (Baltimore & Ohio Railroad) • Wagon Trains (Mormon, Oregon, Santa Fe trails west from the Mississippi River) • Turnpikes (National “Cumberland” Road)

  22. Unit #3 – Vocabulary Terms • spoils system • “Manifest Destiny” • annexation • westward trails • abolitionist • emancipation • temperance • suffrage • “Underground Railroad”

  23. Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction Analyze Scott v. Sanford (1857) and its effect on the division between the North and South • Declared that slaves could not sue for their freedom because they were property • Declared the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was illegal

  24. Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction Identify the effect of the Presidential Election of 1860 on the secession of southern states • Lincoln’s election proved that the nation did not have a national party • Southern slave states seceded and formed the Confederacy

  25. Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War (1861—1865) • Union Strengths - More population, factories, immigrants, raw materials, naval power, funding for the war • Union Weaknesses - Would have to fight an offensive war; northern states divided (e.g. “Copperheads”)

  26. Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War (1861—1865) • Confederate Strengths - Fighting a defensive war; better military leadership • Confederate Weaknesses - Small population, almost no factories, no immigrants, limited raw materials, non-existent navy, have to set up new national government

  27. Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction Analyze Lincoln’s motivations for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) • Battle of Antietam and previous battles with heavy losses motivated Lincoln to re-examine the purpose of the war

  28. Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction Analyze the successes and failures of the Freedmen’s Bureau • Successes: - Helped former slaves negotiate contracts with landowners; reunite families separated from the war; and provide food, shelter, and clothing to the poor • Failure: - Struggled to help bring about complete equality for Blacks; discontinued in 1872

  29. Unit #4 – Vocabulary Terms • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 • “popular sovereignty” • Dred Scott Decision • “states’ rights” • secession • Confederacy • “border states” • Reconstruction • Thirteenth Amendment • Fourteenth Amendment • Fifteenth Amendment • “black codes”

  30. Unit #5 – Industrialization & National Development Analyze the effects of industrialization on population shifts, monopolistic practices, and unionization • Increased immigration led to urbanization and industrialization • Major corporations (e.g. Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil) formed monopolies • Unions formed as a result of poor working conditions and pay

  31. Unit #5 – Industrialization & National Development Identify changes in transportation during westward expansion • Transcontinental Railroad (completed May 10, 1869) • Use of “clipper ships” for speed and size sailed from east coast to west coast around South America

  32. Unit #5 – Industrialization & National Development Identify “Jim Crow Laws” and the purpose they served • Laws passed by Southern states following the Civil War • Used by the states to keep Blacks from economic, political, and social equality

  33. Unit #5 – Industrialization & National Development Analyze the role of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in legalizing segregation • The case made it legal for states in the South to segregate Blacks and Whites • “separate, but equal”

  34. Unit #5 – Vocabulary Terms • Industrial Revolution • urbanization • political machines • “Robber Barons” • monopolies • Social Darwinism • “Gilded Age” • Transcontinental Railroads • Homestead Act of 1862 • laissez-faire • Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

  35. Unit #6 – Industrialization & National Development Identify the reasons for the construction of the Panama Canal (1902—1914) • Construction allowed ships to transport from Atlantic to Pacific without having to encircle South America (this was a problem during the Spanish American War) • Construction would continue United States diplomacy and imperialism in Latin America

  36. Unit #6 – Industrialization & National Development Analyze the role of “Dollar Diplomacy” in United States-Latin American relations • Initiated by President William Howard Taft • The United States funded projects and helped industrialize nations in Latin America

  37. Unit #6 – Industrialization & National Development Analyze the role of the “Muckrakers” in the development of the Progressive Movement • The Progressive Movement (1900—1920) • Phrase was coined by President Teddy Roosevelt • The “Muckrakers” were journalists who helped expose the corruption in both government and business

  38. Unit #6 – Industrialization & National Development Identify the following Progressive Amendments to the Constitution: - 16th Amendment(income tax) - 17th Amendment(direct election of Senators) - 18th Amendment(initiated prohibition) - 19th Amendment(suffrage for women)

  39. Unit #6 – Industrialization & National Development Identify the causes of United States involvement in World War I • WWI broke out in Europe in 1914 and was divided between the Central Powers and Allied Powers • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire • Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia (withdrew,1917), the United States (entry, 1917), and some 15 other nations

  40. Unit #6 – Industrialization & National Development Identify the causes of United States involvement in World War I • President Woodrow Wilson declared “neutrality” in an effort to prevent United States involvement • Causes include: - Unrestricted German U-Boat sinking (e.g. Lusitania) - Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico - United States culturally tied to Britain

  41. Unit #6 – Industrialization & National Development Analyze the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and the refusal of the United States Senate to ratify the treaty • The treaty officially ended the war, created seven new nations, forced Germany to pay reparations, and re-set existing national boundaries in Europe • When the war ended, Wilson traveled to Europe with his “Fourteen Points” outlining several ideas including the formation of a League of Nations

  42. Unit #6 – Industrialization & National Development Analyze the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and the refusal of the United States Senate to ratify the treaty • Opponents of the treaty argued against the United States involvement in a League of Nations • Wilson refused to back down and went on a national campaign to support the treaty and the League of Nations

  43. Unit #6 – Vocabulary Terms • Imperialism • Roosevelt Corollary • sphere of influence • “Open Door” Policy • initiative • recall • referendum • neutrality • unrestricted submarine warfare • League of Nations • self-determination • reparations

  44. Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times Analyze isolationism in United States foreign policy • Under the leadership of presidents Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover, the United States remained neutral in the 1920s and 1930s • Despite the rise of dictators, the United States remained neutral until 1941

  45. Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times Analyze the effect of increased immigration on anti-foreign sentiment • Once the First World War ended, many European immigrants flooded immigration centers of the United States • The many immigrants (including fear of Communism) provoked the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and other anti-immigrant groups throughout the 1920s and 1930s

  46. Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times Analyze the lifestyles of the “Roaring Twenties” • Henry Ford’s automobiles, the consumer revolution, urbanization, pro-business policies of low taxes and limited regulation, jazz, silent pictures, “flappers,” and prohibition of alcohol all affected the lifestyle of Americans.

  47. Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times Analyze the causes and effects of the Great Depression (1929—1941) on the United States • Causes of the Depression include: - Slowdown in agriculture - uneven wealth distribution - easy credit -buying on margin

  48. Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times Analyze the causes and effects of the Great Depression (1929—1941) on the United States • The stock market crash stimulated other problems: - bank collapses - business closures - rise in unemployment (nearly 25% of working population) - high tariffs - longest depression in United States History.

  49. Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times Analyze Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “New Deal” programs and their effects on the economy of the United States • Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) increased the role of the federal government’s management of the economy by providing: - relief - recovery - reform.

  50. Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times Analyze Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “New Deal” programs and their effects on the economy of the United States • Programs included: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Public Works Administration (PWA), Social Security.

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