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Introduction to Syntax: Key Concepts and Principles in ANTH 3590/7590

Welcome to ANTH 3590/7590, taught by Professor Harry Howard at Tulane University. This course focuses on syntax and its principles, including coordination conditions, proform substitution, negative polarity items, and binding constraints. The course website is live, accessible for all course materials, and grades are updated on Blackboard. Please review them and bring any quiz concerns to class. Discover how syntactic structures and relations shape language through detailed examples and discussions.

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Introduction to Syntax: Key Concepts and Principles in ANTH 3590/7590

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  1. C-commandDay 8, Sept. 14, 2012 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

  2. Course management • http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ • The website is finally back up, and all of the course material is available there. • The grades have been uploaded to Blackboard’s grade book. • Please check them! If there is a problem, bring your quiz to class to show me. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  3. Who is missing? ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  4. Review ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  5. The tests • Co-ordination condition (30) • Only constituents of the same type can be coordinated. • Proform/substitution condition (-) • Only a string of words that is a constituent can be replaced with a proform. • Preposing condition (37) • When material is preposed in order to highlight it, what is preposed is the smallest possible maximal projection containing the highlighted material. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  6. Other principles • Economy condition (36) • Syntactic structures should contain as few words as possible, and syntactic operations should affect as few words as possible. • Functional head constraint (simplified) (39) • The complement of a functional head cannot be moved without moving its head also. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  7. Draw trees for ex. 2.1 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  8. §2.6 Syntactic relations ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  9. NEGATIVE POLARITY • No student has any idea how to solve this problem. • Mary has any idea how to solve this problem. • Few students have any idea how to solve this problem. • Five students have any idea how to solve this problem. • If you have any idea how to solve this problem, tell me. • When you have any idea how to solve this problem, tell me. * * ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane *

  10. MORE TYPES • Take a moment to think of other negative polarity items like any. • ever, to dare, to need • Take a moment to think of other negative polarity/affective environments like no, few & if. • how often • Positive polarity? • John liked it somewhat. • John didn't like it somewhat. • I am well/fine. • I am not well/fine. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  11. WHERE CAN THE TRIGGER BE? • Few of my friends know any politicians. • The wives of few of my friends know any politicians. • The writer that few of my friends admire has any money. • Any politicians are known by few of my friends. • Few of my friends’ wives have any money. * * * ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  12. C-COMMAND • Polarity items need to be licensed by another constituent. • This licensing is asymmetric. • The branches in a tree represent containment. • A constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y. • The polarity condition (49) • A polarity item must be c-commanded by an affective (negative, interrogative, or conditional) constituent. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  13. THE EXAMPLE OF EX. 2.1-1 TP A constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y. T’ VP AdjP Adj’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane PP PRN T V ADV ADJ P NP Nobody will become very fond of any politician

  14. §2.7 Binding ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  15. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS • Data • My wife knows herself well. • The father of my wife knows herself well. • The writer that my wife admires knows herself well. • Herself is known well by my wife. • My wife’s father knows herself well. • Binding condition • A bound constituent must be c-commanded by an appropriate antecedent. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  16. THE EXAMPLE OF EX. 2.1-1, again TP A constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y. T’ VP AdjP Adj’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane PP PRN T V ADV ADJ P PRN She will become very fond of herself

  17. EX. 2.2 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  18. NEXT TIME ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Q2 §2.8 Bare phrase structure §3.1 - 3.3. Null subjects & null auxiliaries

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