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C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012

C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012. Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University. Course management. http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ The website is finally back up, and all of the course material is available there.

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C-command Day 8, Sept. 14, 2012

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  1. C-commandDay 8, Sept. 14, 2012 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

  2. Course management • http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ • The website is finally back up, and all of the course material is available there. • The grades have been uploaded to Blackboard’s grade book. • Please check them! If there is a problem, bring your quiz to class to show me. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  3. Who is missing? ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  4. Review ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  5. The tests • Co-ordination condition (30) • Only constituents of the same type can be coordinated. • Proform/substitution condition (-) • Only a string of words that is a constituent can be replaced with a proform. • Preposing condition (37) • When material is preposed in order to highlight it, what is preposed is the smallest possible maximal projection containing the highlighted material. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  6. Other principles • Economy condition (36) • Syntactic structures should contain as few words as possible, and syntactic operations should affect as few words as possible. • Functional head constraint (simplified) (39) • The complement of a functional head cannot be moved without moving its head also. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  7. Draw trees for ex. 2.1 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  8. §2.6 Syntactic relations ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  9. NEGATIVE POLARITY • No student has any idea how to solve this problem. • Mary has any idea how to solve this problem. • Few students have any idea how to solve this problem. • Five students have any idea how to solve this problem. • If you have any idea how to solve this problem, tell me. • When you have any idea how to solve this problem, tell me. * * ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane *

  10. MORE TYPES • Take a moment to think of other negative polarity items like any. • ever, to dare, to need • Take a moment to think of other negative polarity/affective environments like no, few & if. • how often • Positive polarity? • John liked it somewhat. • John didn't like it somewhat. • I am well/fine. • I am not well/fine. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  11. WHERE CAN THE TRIGGER BE? • Few of my friends know any politicians. • The wives of few of my friends know any politicians. • The writer that few of my friends admire has any money. • Any politicians are known by few of my friends. • Few of my friends’ wives have any money. * * * ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  12. C-COMMAND • Polarity items need to be licensed by another constituent. • This licensing is asymmetric. • The branches in a tree represent containment. • A constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y. • The polarity condition (49) • A polarity item must be c-commanded by an affective (negative, interrogative, or conditional) constituent. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  13. THE EXAMPLE OF EX. 2.1-1 TP A constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y. T’ VP AdjP Adj’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane PP PRN T V ADV ADJ P NP Nobody will become very fond of any politician

  14. §2.7 Binding ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  15. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS • Data • My wife knows herself well. • The father of my wife knows herself well. • The writer that my wife admires knows herself well. • Herself is known well by my wife. • My wife’s father knows herself well. • Binding condition • A bound constituent must be c-commanded by an appropriate antecedent. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  16. THE EXAMPLE OF EX. 2.1-1, again TP A constituent X c-commands its sister constituent Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y. T’ VP AdjP Adj’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane PP PRN T V ADV ADJ P PRN She will become very fond of herself

  17. EX. 2.2 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  18. NEXT TIME ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Q2 §2.8 Bare phrase structure §3.1 - 3.3. Null subjects & null auxiliaries

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