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Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis. What is Multiple Sclerosis.

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Multiple Sclerosis

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  1. Multiple Sclerosis

  2. What is Multiple Sclerosis • Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. The body's immune system attacks the brain, spinal cord and nerves. This results in loss of muscle control, vision, balance, and sensation such as numbness. The nerves of the body are covered in a fatty substance called myelin. MS gets its name from the buildup of scar tissue (sclerosis) in the brain and/or spinal cord. The scar tissue or plaques form when the myelin covering the nerves is destroyed, a process called demyelination. Without the myelin, electrical signals are disrupted or halted. The brain then becomes unable to send and to receive messages.

  3. Factors that cause M.S. • Currently scientists do not know what causes Multiple sclerosis but it is believed that it is called by a bunch of different factors

  4. Where Multiple Sclerosis occurs Nerves Brain • Spinal Cord Multiple Sclerosis can affect several functions in the brain: Attention ,Memory ,Thinking Speed Executive Functioning (planning and judgment) ,Visuospatial Perception The Myelin on the nerves are attacked by the immune system and the electric signals are disrupted or halted.

  5. Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis 1.Numbness A constant tingling and numbness often resides in the face and extremities (i.e., the legs, arms, and fingers) 2. Exhaustion Unexplained muscle fatigue and muscle weakness, especially in the legs and feet, 3. Vision Problems One of the earliest signs of MS is problems with vision, such as eye pain 4. Loss of Bowel & Bladder Control They may suffer from urinary frequently and accidental urination, as well as explosive diarrhea and loss of bowel control. 5. Memory Loss a combination of memory loss, inability to focus, and speech or language issues.

  6. 6. Muscle Spasms Jerky and spontaneous muscle spasms. Muscle spasms are often quite painful and can leave the extremities, such as the arms and legs, quite sore and stiff afterwards. 7. Sexual Dysfunction Sex drive can also lessen and even disappear. Sex also can become a challenge due to the deterioration of the central nervous system. 8. Dizziness Issues with balance and gait can become troublesome and challenges coordination and mobility. 9. Seizures Epileptic-type seizures are very common symptoms 10. Depression Suffering with a debilitating condition like MS will often take its tool on a patient’s emotional health as well as their physical health, which explains why many MS sufferers battle with severe depression, irritability, and mood swings.

  7. Multiple Sclerosis effects on C.N.S Multiple Sclerosis has many harmful effects on the Central Nervous System. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong disease that causes your body's immune system to attack the myelin (a fatty substance) that surrounds and protects your nerves. As the damaged myelin sheaths become scarred, nerve signals from your brain and spinal cord can be distorted or interrupted. MS symptoms depend on where these attacks occur. The condition can affect your brain, spinal cord, and eyes (optic nerves). The good news is that with the treatments available today, most people with MS do not become severely disabled and have a normal life expectancy.

  8. Types of Relapses related to M.S Relapsing-remitting MS: characterized by unpredictable acute attacks, called "exacerbations," with worsening of symptoms followed by full, partial, or no recovery of some function. These attacks appear to evolve over several days to weeks. Recovery from an attack takes weeks sometimes months. The disease does not worsen in the periods between the attacks. This pattern usually occurs early in the course of MS in most people Primary-progressive MS: characterized by a gradual but steady progression of disability, without any obvious relapses and remissions. This form of disease occurs in just 15% of all people with MS, but it is the most common type of MS in people who develop the disease after the age of 40.

  9. What is a Relapse??? A true exacerbation (relapse) of multiple sclerosis is caused by an area of inflammation (swelling) in the nerves of the brain and spinal cord system followed by something called demyelination, which is the destruction of myelin. The myelin is the fatty sheath that surrounds and protects the nerve fibers. An exacerbation of MS may be mild and not cause a noticeable impairment in functioning or may significantly interfere with a person's daily life. Exacerbations usually last from several days to several weeks, although they may extend into months. Exacerbations or relapses of MS are often treated with medications called corticosteroids. These drugs reduce inflammation. It is generally accepted that taking corticosteroids for a short amount of time will shorten an exacerbation and/or reduce the severity.

  10. More Relapses Secondary-progressive MS: initially begins with a relapsing-remitting course, but later evolves into progressive disease. The progressive part of the disease may begin shortly after the onset of MS, or it may occur years or decades later. Progressive-relapsing MS: This is the least common form of the disease and is characterized by a steady progression in disability with acute attacks that may or may not be followed by some recovery. People with progressive relapsing MS initially appear to have primary progressive MS

  11. Pseudo Exacerbation Sometimes an increase in symptoms has nothing to do with the underlying multiple sclerosis, but is caused by factors such as fever, infection, or hot weather that can temporarily aggravate MS. This is referred to as a pseudo exacerbation. For example, some people report a worsening of their symptoms during or after periods of intense stress. Remission Remission does not mean that all the symptoms of multiple sclerosis disappear, but rather that a person with MS mostly returns to the way they were before the last exacerbation or relapse began

  12. Treatment The medication work by altering or suppressing the immune systems attack on the myelin. These medications do not cure MS, but they do reduce the frequency and severity of attacks and the development of new brain lesions. In addition, they slow down the progression of MS and improve the quality of life for people with M.S

  13. Is Drug Treatment right for me ? The decision is best made by you and your doctor. Factors that should be considered include potential side effects, benefits, frequency, method of medication delivery, and your personal concerns, priorities and lifestyle. The most important goal is to find a treatment you can use comfortably and consistently. Each pharmaceutical company offers customer support and may also provide some financial assistance for qualifying individuals without prescription drug coverage.

  14. Drugs available • A number of drugs have been shown to slow the progression of MS in some people. These are called the disease-modifying drugs. They include: • Aubagio (teriflumonide) • Avonex (interferon beta-1a) • Betaseron (interferon beta-1b) • Copaxone (glatiramer acetate) • Gilenya (fingolimod) • Novantrone (mitoxantrone) • Rebif (interferon beta-1a) • Tecfidera (dimethyl fumarate) • Tysabri (natalizumab)

  15. Medicinal Marijuana • MS Patients have reported that smoking medical marijuana reduces symptoms such as muscle stiffness and tremors, and allows for greater mobility. Many studies of the pharmacology of marijuana have identified effects on motor systems of the central nervous system that have the potential of affecting tremor and spasticity. Moreover, marijuana has demonstrated effects on immune function that also may have the potential of reducing the autoimmune attack that is thought to be the underlying pathogenic process in MS. • http://medicalmarijuana.ca/learning-center/conditions/multiple-sclerosis

  16. Nervous System The Central Nervous System (CNS) The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord and serve as the central processor for the body. The brain receives information directly from the eyes, ears, nose and mouth and receives information from the spinal cord. The spinal cord receives information from the muscles, skin and joint.

  17. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Some of your peripheral nervous system (PNS) is voluntary such as the nerves that carry instructions from your brain to your limbs, muscles and joints. It sends all the information from your senses back to your brain. Other parts of your PNS are controlled by the brain automatically. This is the autonomic nervous system. It manages the systems of your body, such as cardio- respiratory and digestive.

  18. Healthy Nerves • The Nerves in the body are a bundle of fibres, protected by a layer of insulation called Myelin and they carry electrical signals through the body

  19. Current research being done! • Some researchers are working to develop improved animal models that closely resemble MS in humans. Currently available animal models share many of the same disease mechanisms and symptoms as MS, but they do not fully mimic the disease. This means that drugs that work well in animal models are often less successful in human clinical trials.

  20. Also! Several studies have shown that destroying the immune system with chemotherapy and then replacing it with immune system stem cells obtained from the patient’s own blood can halt development of new MS lesions. This treatment appears to re-set the immune system so that it no longer attacks the brain. This strategy is being tested in clinical trials.

  21. Bibliography • http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/what-is-ms/index.aspx • http://www.msfocus.org/causes-multiple-sclerosis.aspx • http://medicalmarijuana.ca/learning-center/conditions/multiple-sclerosis • http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/whoami/findoutmore/yourbrain/howdoesyourbrainwork/howdoesyournervoussystemwork/whatdoesthecentralnervoussystemdo.aspx • http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/whoami/findoutmore/yourbrain/howdoesyourbrainwork/howdoesyournervoussystemwork/whatdoestheperipheralnervoussystemdo.aspx

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