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Roadmap for Cathode Materials for Electric Vehicles

Roadmap for Cathode Materials for Electric Vehicles. Joe DiCarlo. August 2012. 1 | Introduction BASF 2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities 3 | Cathode Portfolio 4 | Next Generation Cathodes 5 | Summary. 2. BASF Headquarter in Ludwigshafen, Germany.

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Roadmap for Cathode Materials for Electric Vehicles

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  1. Roadmap for Cathode Materials for Electric Vehicles Joe DiCarlo August 2012

  2. 1 | Introduction BASF 2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities 3 | Cathode Portfolio 4 | Next Generation Cathodes 5 | Summary 2

  3. BASF Headquarter in Ludwigshafen, Germany

  4. BASF – The Chemical CompanyThe World’s Leading Chemical Company We create Chemistry for a sustainable future We combine economical success with social responsibility and the protection of the environment Sales 2011: m€ 73,497 EBIT 2011: m€ 8,586 Employees (December 31, 2011): 111,000 About 1,100 new patents filed in 2011 6 Verbund sites and about 390 production sites 4

  5. BASF and the Automotive Industryca 10 – 15 % of total BASF Sales

  6. 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 Chemistry as Enabler of Electromobility Smart Forvision in Cooperation with BASF Technologies for the Car of Tomorrow Electrical energy efficiency • Solar roof with transparent organic solar cells • Transparent organic OLEDs Temperature management • IR-reflecting films/pigments • High performance foams for insulation Multifunctional lightweight construction • Lightweight ergonomically designed seats • Thermoplastic polyamide wheel Go online at www.smartforvision.basf.com

  7. 1 | Introduction BASF 2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities 3 | Cathode Portfolio 4 | Next Generation Cathodes 5 | Summary 7

  8. BASF R&D BASF products Li-Batteries for Automotive ApplicationsOverview: Lithium Ion Battery Material Solutions by BASF • Battery Cell Chemistry: • Decrease cost • Increase range • Increase lifetime Li-Intercalation Anode Binder Electrolyte Cathode

  9. BASF is a Material Supplier for LiBs Raw Materials Materials Cells Pack OEM BASF Customer/Partner The battery determines characteristics of an electric vehicle • Range, costs, safety,… The battery allows for differentiation and value creation • Challenging technology and chance for chemistry / engineering / OEMs Materials are the heart of the battery cell • Chemistry plays a central role as material supplier

  10. BASF Battery Unit:Investments and Acquisitions by BASF Strategy: Strengthen Organic Growth of BASF Battery Materials Li-Ion NiMHx POST-Li-ION ELECTROLYTES CATHODES • Ovonic Battery Company: Acquisition (2.2012) • Merck Elektrolyte: Acquisition of Elektrolyte Activities of Merck (2.2012) • Novolyte: Acquisition of Business (4.2012) • LFP License: Licensing agreement to acquire LFP technology from LiFePO4+C (4.2012) • Sion Power: Investment of 50mio USD (1.2012)

  11. 1 | Introduction BASF 2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities 3 | Cathode Portfolio 4 | Next Generation Cathodes 5 | Summary 11

  12. BASF Cathode – PortfolioFor Today, Tomorrow and … the Future: Today Co (LCO) NCM (xyz): Example: Li1+x(Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33)1-xO2 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.8 LFP: LiFePO4 0.4 0.6 Co Mn + known materials, demonstrated technology - Low energy content Classic high stability region 0.6 0.4 NCM-111 High capacity – low safety region Tomorrow NCM-433 HE-NCM: HE-NCMs NCM-424 NCM-523 LNCO 0.8 0.2 HV-Spinel: NCM-622 NCM-811 NCM-514 NCM-415 + Higher energy content - Development stage NCM-929 Lower cost region 1.0 0.0 HV spinel 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Ni Mn (LMO) Ni (LNO) Phase Diagram Future Li-S Li-Air BASF has licensed broad cathode patent portfolio from Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) covering NCMs BASF licensed global rights for the production and sale of LFP from LiFePO4+C Licensing AG, Switzerland + Higher energy content - (Pre) R&D stage

  13. Picture: Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol 17, Thackeray et al. 1 | Introduction BASF 2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities 3 | Cathode Portfolio 4 | Next Generation Cathodes 5 | Summary 13

  14. 1: HE-NCMs “High Energy” NCMs: Capacity increase at slightly lower av. Voltage Discharge profiles BASF HE-NCM vs. NCM-111 Voltage [V] 5.0 High Voltage Region 4.5 Standard Voltage Region 4.0 HE-NCM 3.5 NCM-111 3.0 2.5 E = Q × U 2.0 1.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Capacity [Ah/kg]

  15. Improvements High Energy HE-NCM Improvement of BASF HE-NCMs (last 5 Quarters): Irreversible Capacity [%] Tap density [g/ml] Capacity at 1C [mAh/g] • All Materials scaled to pilot plant scale at 100kg

  16. D50 = 16 µm D50 = 11 µm 1500 : 1 1500 : 1 20µm 20µm Morphology BASF HE-NCM Materials Control of particle size and Improved Particle Morphology:

  17. 300 2C 250 4C 200 Capacity [mAh/g] 150 100 50 Half-cell / Li-anode 0 0,1 1 10 C-Rate BASF’s HE-NCM Rate Capability Improved Capacity vs. C-Rate capability:

  18. 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 BASF HEDTM HE-NCMs Cycling Stability of HE-NCM (Graphite Anode) vs. normal voltage NCMs HE-NCM Specific capacity [Ah/kg] NCM-523 25°C - 0.5 C Cycle No.

  19. 50 100 150 2: HV-Spinel “High Voltage” Spinel: Voltage increase at slightly lower Capacity Discharge profiles BASF HV spinel vs. NCM-111 and LFP Voltage [V] 5.0 High Voltage Region 4.5 HV spinel 4.0 NCM-111 3.5 LFP 3.0 2.5 E = Q × U 2.0 1.5 0 Capacity [Ah/kg]

  20. Specific capacity [Ah/kg] Standard cell chemistry 25°C, 1.0 C 4.25V – 4.80V Cycle No. BASF HEDTM HV-spinel Cycling Stability of HV Spinel (Pouch Cell vs Graphite) Cell chemistry 2 (“modification”) Cell chemistry 1 (“additives in electrolyte”)

  21. Comparison of Cathodes Material Energy Density of different Cathode Materials: • HE-NCM, HV-Spinel cathode material can deliver up to 65 % more specific energy density vs. NCM-111 • How much of it can be realized on the cell level ?

  22. Energy Density on the Layer Level Energy Density on Layer Level:repeating units of Anode, Cathode Current Collectors, Electrolyte Cu anode separator cathode Al cathode separator anode Cu anode Parameters Layer level The pores are filled with electrolyte of density 1.3 g/cm3. The anode thickness is calculated, so that the following balancing equation is fulfilled: 1st cycle charge capacity per cm2 of cathode = capacity per cm2 of anode 1st cycle charge capacity = specific capacity / (100% – irrev. Capacity) Irreversible capacity on the anode (SEI formation) and anode over-sizing is neglected in the model.

  23. Comparison Cathodes on the Layer Level Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density on the Layer Level: • HE-NCM and HV-Spinel cathode materials provide significant energy density advantage on the cell level

  24. Metal Costs ComparisonNCM vs. HE-NCM / Spinel Pure metal value fluctuations in 10y period in 1 kg of NCM-111, HE-NCM and Spinel • Next generation cathode materials with marked improvements in costs and energy content.

  25. Summary: BASF is a committed supplier of materials for Lithium-Ion-Batteries Cathode Materials (NCMs, LFP), Electrolytes and Technical Polymers are commercial products of BASF Next Generation Materials such as HE-NCM and HV-spinel offer significant advantage of energy density BASF develops these novel cathode materials tailor-made for high-energy applications BASF will improve performance of today’s Lithium Ion Batteries with an optimized combination of materials like HE-NCM and tailor-made electrolytes

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