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Nationalism and Unification in 19th Century Europe: A Historical Overview

This lesson highlights the major events and figures involved in the unification movements across 19th century Europe, with a focus on the roles of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Germany. From Czar Nicholas I's ambitions and Alexander II's reforms to Bismarck's realpolitik strategy, students will explore how nationalism fueled these changes. Key events such as the Crimean War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco-Prussian War shaped national identities and power dynamics, eventually leading to the establishment of unified nation-states.

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Nationalism and Unification in 19th Century Europe: A Historical Overview

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  1. Tuesday 12/7/10 Warm-up: What is the tone of the cartoon and what is the cartoonist’s opinion on unification? Mrs. P has tonsillitis…I need a Volunteer to read notes today! -Wednesday 12/8: Half Day-Pds. 5-6-4-7 -Thursday 12/9: Quiz on Nationalism NOTES and the vocabulary!!! So pay attention! Notes will be posted online!

  2. What did the Russians do? • In1853, to go to war…Czar Nicholas I wanted to expand empire…threatens Ottoman Turk Empire-Crimean War • Lack of industry….causes LOSS! • Nicholas’ son…Alexander II…moves Russia out of old age and modernizes

  3. Alexander’s Reforms • 1861 free serfs …but…still tied to land that was split up and “given” (49 yrs. To pay debt) to peasant communities • Alexander II ASSASSINATED! 1881 • Alexander III • Nationalistic competition led drive for industrialization

  4. Types of Nationalistic Movements

  5. AUSTRIA • Empire made of- • Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Serbs, Poles and Italians • 1866-Prussia defeats Austria in Austro-Prussian War • Prussian win control of newly formed North German Confederation (union of Prussia & 21 smaller German political units)! • Hungarians push- Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria splits empire in two-Austro-Hungary Empire…hangs out until AFTER WWI

  6. Back to RUSSIA!!! • Made of many ethnic groups-Jews, Latvians, Poles & Romanians to name a few • Romanov MUST keep Control!!! • New policy…Russification-forced Russian culture on ALL peeps! • After WWI…Russian czar gives up power 1917.

  7. What about those Ottomans? • Controlled-Greeks, Arabs, Bulgarians… • 1856-Brits and French pushed for equality in Otts’ Empire • Conservative Turks angered…killed some deported Armenians (1894-1896) • Broke up after WWI too!

  8. Italy!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Italy forms from crumbs! 1815-1848 • Piedmont-Sardinia: largest, liberal constitutional state • 1852- Sardinia King, Victor Emmanuel II • Count Camillo di CAVOUR-Prime Minister

  9. CAVOUR • Skilled diplomat, used alliance • Wanted to expand P-S power • Roadblock was AUSTRIA! • 1858-Nap. III helped Cavour win provoked! War w/ Austria-gained North Italy….except Venetia

  10. Garibaldi Unites! • Leader of Southern Nationalist rebels-Red Shirts!!! • 1860-captured Sicily • Allowed all of Italy to unite under Emmanuel • 1866-Venetia joins Italy • 1870-Papal states joined Italy-Pope still owned Vatican City-Rome became capital

  11. Germany Unites!!! • 1815-Autrian Empire dominates the confederation • Prussia-ready to UNIFY all German states • Advantages- • mainly German population • nationalism unified it • most powerful army in central Europe • Has liberal constitution

  12. Otto Von Bismarck!!! • 1861-Wilhelm I wanted $ from bigger army…liberals refused…Wilhelm didn’t like not having authority…so picks a JUNKER (Prussian conservatives, wealthy land-owners) • 1862-Otto Von Bismarck is made Prime Minister • O.V.B.-a Realpolitik: tough power politics…no room for idealism

  13. Otto Von Bismarck • Rule without parliament’s approval…king okayed it • VIOLATED the constitution! • Told Prussian Parliament… “ It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided- that was the great mistake of 1848-1849- but by blood and iron.”

  14. Prussia 1864-Gains Power! • Bismarck formed alliance with Austria • War with Denmark over border provinces- Schleswig and Holstein! • VICTORY! Prussian Pride…other little German states okay with Prussia leading the way! • Prussia takes Schleswig-Austria takes Holstein

  15. Backstabber!!!! • After partnering with Austria against Denmark…..Bismarck fusses about border conflicts in Schleswig and Holstein! • 1866 Austria declares WAR!!!!! on Prussia (just what Bismarck wanted) • Why?

  16. Seven Week’s War! • Prussians WIN!!! (good training and equipment) • Humiliated Austria • LOST… • Venetia to Italy • Northern Germany to Prussia • By 1867- Prussia dominated North German Confederation!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  17. Franco-Prussian War • Pre-War • 1867-few southern German states still independent • German south was Catholic! • Prussia was Protestant! • STOP---FLASHBACK! Why is this a problem? Where did Protestantism come from? • Here he goes AGAIN-Bismarck thinks outside pressures would force south to join Prussia!

  18. Creative Cat!!! • Bismarck created impression that French ambassador insulted Prussian King!!!! • French get mad at the deception and declare WAR…1870!

  19. So what happens…… • Prussians flood northern France! • Take 83,000 prisoners including…Napoleon III !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Parisians stood strong until hunger forced them to surrender!

  20. Nationalism….YEAH Germany!!! • Everyone is excited for unification….even the southerners…so they join! • 1871- in Palace of Versailles (French), King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned Kaiser….or emperor!

  21. Overall Outcome!!!! • 1815 Congress of Vienna est. • Major powers- • Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia • 1871- Major powers- • Britain and Germany • Austria and Russia FAR BEHIND • France in the middle

  22. Types of Nationalistic Movements

  23. Types of Nationalistic Movements

  24. For your quiz: • Study Notes and vocabulary words/people from Monday’s assignment

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