Strategic Plan for Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

1. Strategic Plan for Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Presentation by Prof. D. Panias Project coordinator Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

2. With the PREWARC Project The most important environmental problems from Mining & Metallurgical activities were revealed Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

3. With this presentation a Strategic Plan for the minimization of wastes from Mining & Metallurgical Activities in FYROM based on IPPC Directives is proposed Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

4. What is a Strategic Plan? An intended Action Plan that could be adopted in order to • Minimize the interactions between Mining & Metallurgical industries with Environment SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

5. Mining Activities • Management of Waste rock • Management of Flotation Tailings • Actions for closure and after care Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

6. Mining activities- Treatment of Solids Waste Rock • 1. Prevention of ARD generation • a. Covers (Water, dry, oxygen consuming covers) • b. Raised groundwater table • c. De-pyritization • d. Selective material handling • 2. Control ARD impact • a. Addition of alkaline additives • b. Compaction and ground sealing Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

7. Treatment of Solids Waste Rock If none of the above, then • 3. Apply treatment options • Passive treatment (wetlands or anoxic limestone drains [open or anoxic]) • Active treatment in a water treatment plant Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

8. Mining activities -Treatment of Solids Tailings Any action that manages tailings in mined-out pits or in dams diverts natural external run-off, applies a safety factor of at least 1.3 to all dams during operation and carries outprogressiverestoration/revegetation Is suitable Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

9. Treatment of Flotation tailings & Waste water Case study from INTREAT project Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

10. V. K. copper mine Backfill Old Bor open pit ore Flotation Process Waste rock heap Open pit wastewater Cu concentrate Tailings Recycled water Tailings dump Drainage Saraka wastewater Neutralization copper smelter Sludge Discharging to natural receivers recycling Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

11. Mining Activities Closure and After Care of ARD potential waste rock and flotation tailings management facilities Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

12. Closure and After Care – Operating Mines • Develop closure and after care plans during the planning phase of the operation • Update them over time Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

13. Closure and After Care –Closed mines • Care for Acid Generation Control • Monitoring Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

14. Metallurgical Activities • Emissions • Dusts • Slags Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

15. Metallurgical Activities Emissions Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

16. Gas emissions treatment- PCDD/F & PCB PCDD/F & PCB 1. End of Pipe Techniques Well optimised Post-Combustion followed by rapid cooling - full combustion of CO and H2 in order to avoid uncontrollable reactions in gas cleaning equipment - reduction of organic compounds emissions and/or Injection of lignite dust before entering the bag filter Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

17. Gas emissions treatment- heavy metals Heavy metals 1. End of pipe techniques- Abatement Collection in high performance fabric filters Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

18. Metallurgical Activities Dusts Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

19. Dusts Dusts 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of dust Hoods or complete evacuation of the unit 2. End of pipe Techniques – Abatement & Treatment of dusts Fabric filters, Wet scrubbing, Dusts Re-use (eg. Cement additive)/Recycling, Controlled disposal Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

20. Metallurgical Activities Slag Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

21. Treatment of slag Slag 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of slag generation Re-design of process 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment Recycling, Re-use Controlled disposal Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

22. Energy Production Lignite & Coal Combustion Plants • Emissions • Fly Ash • Wastewaters Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

23. Energy Production Emissions Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

24. Gas emissions -SO2 SO2 1. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases Flue-gas desulphurization (wet scrubbing [lime/limestone], spray dry scrubbing using lime slurry, dry sorbent injection of lime slurry) Combined techniques for the reduction of NOx and SO2 Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

25. Gas emissions treatment - NOx NOx • Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of NOx Air / fuel staging, Low NOx burner 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases Waste gas de-nitrification (high cost) • selective catalytic reduction by NH3 or urea to N2 and H2O (170 - 500oC) • selective non catalytic reduction by NH3 to N2 and H2O (850 – 1100oC) • Combined techniques for the reduction of NOx and SO2 • activated carbon process with NH3 injection • high surface area alumina process Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

26. Gas emissions treatment - CO CO 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of CO generation Well optimized system for the reduction of NOx emissions 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases Complete Combustion Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

27. Energy production Fly ash Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

28. Waste solids treatment- fly ash Fly ash Controlled landfill Re-use • Pretreatment – Immobilization of pollutants • Landfill according to Council Directive 1993/31/EC Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

29. Energy production Waste waters Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

30. Waste water treatment 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Reduced waste water discharge Re-design of process 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment Flocculation Neutralization Sedimentation Ammonia reduction Recirculation Filtration Ion exchange Oil removal Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

31. Treatment of oil contaminated water Oil contaminated water Gravity separation of free oil, Emulsion breaking, using emulsion breaking chemicals, Removal of oil by skimming tanks or any other effective device, Storage facilities for the skimmed oil and the sludge if the oil cannot be recycled immediately, Waste oil to be used as fuel in cement kilns as well as in other sectors (blast furnaces, ceramic and brick kilns, lime kilns), Disposal in landfills is illegal Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM