The Reformation Spreads

1. The Reformation Spreads

2. How did the Reformation bring about two different religious paths in Europe? • Catholic monarchs and the Catholic Church fought back against the Protestant challenge. • They took steps to reform the Church and to restore its spiritual leadership of the Christian world. • Protestant ideas continued to spread. • As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects appeared. • Many followed the teachings of Luther or Calvin, but some were more radical.

3. One new sect was the Anabaptists. • Anabaptists rejected the baptism of infants. • Some radical Anabaptists favored the abolition of private property and sought to speed up God’s judgment day. • Most Anabaptists were peaceful, calling for religious tolerance and separation of church and state. Today’s Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish all have Anabaptist origins.

4. The English Reformation was not due to reformers, but rather to King Henry VIII. • In 1527, Henry sought to annul his marriage to wife Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand), who had only borne one surviving daughter, Mary Tudor. • A male heir is viewed as necessary to secure the line of succession. • Henry appealed to the pope for an annulment, claiming that the marriage was invalid because Catherine had originally been married to his older brother, Arthur. • .

5. Henry VIII • Henry became enamored with one of Catherine’s ladies-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn. • He had previously had an affair with her sister, Mary. • He moves Catherine and Mary to separate houses and refuses to see Catherine at all. • Catherine is no longer allowed to be called Queen, and instead is referred to the “Dowager Princess.” Mary is referred to as “Lady” and is declared illegitimate and removed from the line of succession. • He is very much in love with Anne, and she is known to be extremely opinionated. • When the pope refused to annul the marriage, the king took over the English Church

7. Parliament placed the Church of England under Henry VIII’s control. • Archbishop Cranmer annulled the marriage. • Henry married Anne Boleyn. They had a daughter, Elizabeth. • Catholics who opposed Henry were executed. • One of those beheaded was Sir Thomas More, whom the Catholic Church later canonized. Thomas Cranmer was appointed archbishop.

8. In 1547, Henry was succeeded by his 9-year-old son, Edward (from his 3rd marriage) Edward (and his advisors) favored the Protestant religion. Henry had Catholic property confiscated and distributed to nobles to gain their support.

9. While still in his teens, young Edward died and was succeeded by Mary Tudor. Thomas Cranmer drew up TheBook of Common Prayer, which became required reading at all Anglican services. Parliament passed several laws to make the English or “Anglican” Church more Protestant. Mary tried to restore Catholicism and had many Protestants burned at the stake for heresy. (Bloody Mary)

10. In 1558, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn took the throne as Queen Elizabeth I. • She compromised between Catholics and Protestants. • She did not allow herself to be put at the head of the Anglican Church. • The Anglican Church retained many Catholic practices. • The church service was translated from Latin to English.

11. The “Elizabethan Age” lasted until 1603. Elizabeth’s rule united England and avoided future religious wars. Under Elizabeth, England enjoyed a Golden Age of literature and arts. Never married; “Virgin Queen”; claimed she was “married” to England

12. Major European Religions About 1600

13. From 1530 to 1540, Pope Paul III led a movement to reform the Catholic Church. This effort was also called the Counter-Reformation. • In 1545 Pope Paul called the Council of Trent to end corruption and worldliness in the Church and settle issues of doctrine. • The Council declared that salvation comes through both faith and good works.

14. Pope Paul III also strengthened the Inquisition to fight against Protestantism. The Inquisition was a special court set up during the Middle Ages. • The Inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and executions to root out Protestant heresy. • It prepared a list of immoral or irreligious books Catholics could not use, including the writings of Calvin and Luther.

15. In 1540, the Pope recognized a new religious order, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits. • Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish knight, founded the order as “soldiers of God.” • Jesuits followed strict moral and spiritual rules. • Their rigorous training included complete obedience to the Church. • They ran schools and traveled to distant lands as missionaries.

16. Teresa of Avila established an order of nuns. • Her order lived in isolation, eating and sleeping little. • They dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation. • After her death, Teresa was canonized. During the Counter-Reformation, many Catholics felt renewed feelings of intense faith.

17. By 1600, a majority of Europeans remained Catholic, but Protestantism had a major foothold on the continent. • Religious conflict influenced political debate, which erupted into war throughout much of Europe. • The Catholic Reformation succeeded in bringing back many Protestants and in reforming the Church.

18. Heightened passions about religion also resulted in intolerance and persecution. • Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands were killed as witches, especially in the German states, Switzerland, and France. Most were women. • Belief in witchcraft represented twin beliefs in Christianity and magic. Witches were seen as agents of the devil and thus anti-Christian.

19. They were expelled from Spain in 1492. • In 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live in a separate part of the city called a ghetto. • Luther called for their expulsion from the north. • In the 1550s, the Pope added new restrictions. Jews faced increasing persecution and restrictions during the Reformation. In the late 1500s, many Jews migrated to the Ottoman empire or to the Netherlands.