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Invasive Species Threat

Invasive Species Threat. Northern hardwood forest ecosystems are threatened by invasive species. From Michigan Technological University. Global Trade Introduction. Global trade facilitates introduction of alien species into habitats free from natural predators.

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Invasive Species Threat

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  1. Invasive Species Threat Northern hardwood forest ecosystems are threatened by invasive species From Michigan Technological University

  2. Global Trade Introduction Global trade facilitates introduction of alien species into habitats free from natural predators From The Global Invasive Species Programme

  3. Asian longhorned beetleAnoplophora glabripennis First discovered in North America in 1996 From Gasman, B., et al, "Trees under threat” From Bob Childs, University of Massachusetts Extension

  4. Means of Introduction Transported to North America as eggs and larvae embedded in wooden shipping crates from China From The Bugwood Network

  5. Countries of Origin Native to China, Japan and Korea Serious orchard and forest pest Native predators include Nematodes Woodpeckers Parasites

  6. North American Host Species Primary host trees include species of Maple (Acer) Poplar (Populus) Willow (Salix) From Ohio State University

  7. Sugar Maple Preference Asian longhorned beetles prefer sugar maple hosts because of the high sugar content of their sap From The University of Vermont

  8. Egg Deposition Damage Oviposition site From USDA Sap oozing from egg niche Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project

  9. Damage to Bark and Cambium Female beetles chew pits in the bark of trees and deposit one egg per nichein the inner bark Each female beetle lays an average of 70 eggs during her lifetime

  10. Larval Damage From USDA From USDA From The Bugwood Network

  11. Damage to Cambium,Phloem, Xylem, Heartwood • As the beetle larvae grow, they pass through a series of instars or developmental stages • Young larvae feed on the cambium and damage the phloem or nutrient-conducting vessels of the tree • Older larvae feed on the sapwood and damage the xylem or water-conducting vessels of the tree • Mature larvae create burrowing galleries in the heartwood that structurally damage the tree

  12. Adult Beetle Damage Exit holes Feeding damage From The Bugwood Network

  13. Damage to Leaves,Petioles, Shoots, Bark After pupating in the heartwood, adult beetles bore tunnels through the tree and emerge from exit holes in the bark Heavy beetle infestations kill trees

  14. Difficult to Control The majority of the beetle’s life is protected within its host tree Overwinter as egg, larva or pupa Feed and reproduce during the summer From The Bugwood Network

  15. Sugar Maples Dominate Northern Hardwood Forests From Photo Net: Leping Zha

  16. Threat to American Beech Healthy Damage from scale insects and fungi From the University of South Florida From USDA Forest Service

  17. Threat to Eastern Hemlock Damage Healthy from woolly adelgid From Kingston Field Naturalists From Global Invasive Species Database

  18. Annual Costs Economic losses and control of invasive species cost the United States $138 billion annually From USDA Forest Service

  19. Invasive Species Eradication Inspection Tree removal Adult trapping From USDA APHIS From The Bugwood Network

  20. From USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

  21. References Gasman, B., et al, "Trees under threat: The Asian Longhorned Beetle in Greater Toronto", Toronto Urban Forestry Services, September 2004, http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/19260000/MTSmith/400_Trees.pdf. Houston, David R. and James T. O’Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 75: Beech Bark Disease, April 1998, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/beechbark/fidl-beech.htm. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Pest Alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle, August 2008, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/palerts/alb/alb_pa.pdf. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: A Snapshot of the Northeastern Forests, October 2005, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/misc/snap_shot/ss.pdf. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: Asian Longhorned Beetle, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/alb/index.shtm. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Last updated 15 August 2008, http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Profile: Tsuga Canadensis, http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TSCA. University of Georgia, USDA Forest Service, USDA APHIS PPQ, Invasive and Exotic Species: Asian long-horned beetle, Last updated 25 August 2008, http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=2178. University of Vermont, Entomology Research Laboratory, Asian Longhorned Beetle, Last updated September 2008, http://www.uvm.edu/albeetle/. Virginia Tech, Department of Forestry, American beech, http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=47. Zilahi-Balogh, Gabriella, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Invasive Species Database: Adelges tsugae, Last updated 9 February 2007, http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=230&fr=1&sts.

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