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Eisenhower's Cold War Strategies: Massive Retaliation and Covert Operations

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amara
17 diapositives · 312 Views · Jul 30, 2014

This chapter delves into President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Cold War policies, emphasizing his strategy of "Massive Retaliation," which advocated for a strong nuclear arsenal and brinkmanship to deter Soviet aggression. Eisenhower's administration confronted multiple crises, including the Korean War, the Taiwan Crisis, and the Suez Crisis, where nuclear threats and covert operations shaped U.S. foreign policy. This period not only highlighted military strategies but also the complexities of international relations in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.

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  1. Global Struggles Unit 7

  2. The Cold War Begins Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies Chapter 22 Section 4

  3. Massive Retaliation • By the end of 1942 Americans were ready for a change • Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson • Republicans nominated Dwight D. Eisenhower • Eisenhower won in a landslide

  4. Massive Retaliation • “More Bang for the Buck” • Eisenhower believed the key to winning the Cold War was to have a strong economy • Eisenhower believed that we needed to be prepared to use atomic weapons in all forms • Small battle type skirmishes were to expensive and the best way was to threaten people with atomic weapons • Eisenhower reduced the army and increased the US nuclear arsenal

  5. Massive Retaliation • Brinkmanship • Willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down

  6. Massive Retaliation • The Korean War Ends • “I Shall Go to Korea” • Eisenhower was determined to end the war • Threatened to turn to nuclear war against Korea • Both sides agreed to an armistice and divided the region at the 38th parallel

  7. Massive Retaliation • The Taiwan Crisis • Nationalists still controlled Taiwan • China threatened to seize the islands • Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize any use of force against the Chinese • Once again the US threatened with nuclear weapons • The Chinese backed down

  8. Massive Retaliation • The Suez Canal • Middle East • Wanted to prevent the Arab nations from aligning with the Soviet Union • The US wanted to help Egypt finance the construction of a dam on the Nile • Congress did not like this idea because Egypt had bought weapons from a Communist country • Egypt invaded the Suez Canal which the French controlled

  9. Massive Retaliation • The Suez Crisis • Britain and France responded to Egypt’s attack • The Soviet Union threatened rocket attacks on Britain and France • US put nuclear weapons on standby • Britain and France called off their invasion • This was seen as a major diplomatic victory for the Soviet Union

  10. Covert Operations • Eisenhower used hidden operations conducted by the CIA • Many of the CIA’s actions took place in developing nations • Blamed European imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems • Began looking to the Soviet Union for inspiration

  11. Covert Operations • Iran and Guatemala • Iran Prime Minister seemed like he was going to make a deal with the Soviet Union concerning oil • The CIA sent agents to Iran to stage riots and arrange a deal to get the Prime Minister out of power

  12. Covert Operations • Iran and Guatemala • With Communist support Guzman was elected President of Guatemala • The CIA armed the people of Guatemala that wanted to over throw the Communist government • Guzman left office

  13. Covert Operations • Trouble in Eastern Europe • 1953 – Stalin died • Nakita Khrushchev emerged as the leader • Delivered a secret speech to the Soviet officials criticizing Stalin’s policies • The CIA received this speech and broadcasted it over Eastern Europe • Eastern Europe became frustrated with Communists • Even though Khrushchev did not like Stalin he was never ready to get rid of Communism

  14. Covert Operations • The Eisenhower Doctrine • Military force would be used whenever the president though it was necessary to assist Middle East nations that was trying to resist Communism • Lebanon asked the US for help and Eisenhower sent marines to Beirut • British Forces were also sent to Jordan

  15. Covert Operations • A Spy Plane is Shot Down • 1957 The Soviets launched Sputnik into space – beating the US • Khrushchev demanded the US withdraw troops from West Berlin • Eisenhower convinced Khrushchev to meet in Paris for a summit • But before the summit began a plane was shot down

  16. Covert Operations • A Spy Plane is Shot Down • An American U-2 Plane • Eisenhower first claimed the plane was a weather plane that strayed off course but the pilot was produced • Eisenhower refused to apologize • Khrushchev left the summit

  17. Covert Operations • A Spy Plane is Shot Down • Eisenhower prepared to leave office in 1961 • Farewell address • Warned Americans to be on guard against the influence of a military industrial complex