Unit 6: Global Struggles

Unit 6:Global Struggles
1931-1960

1931-1941
Chapter 19
Francisco Franco Adolf Hitler A World in Flames Pearl Harbor Emperor Hirohito Benito Mussolini

I. America and the World A. Between the Wars - US determined not to be drawn into another foreign war - worked for int’l agreements & arms control 1. 1919: US refuses to ratify Treaty of Versailles. Why? 2. Problems in Europe a. Communism in Russia b. Unrest in Germany

3. Actions taken by US to prevent further overseas involvement a. Ended draft b. 1921: Washington Conference – 1st successful disarmament conference in US History c. 5/4/9 Power Treaty – 1920s treaties aimed at maintaining peace -5/4 power treaty – to prevent hostile actions - 9 power treaty – to keep China independent and open to foreign trade

d. 1928: Kellogg Briand Pact – pledged to renounce war as an instrument of national policy. But no way to enforce it and it didn’t rule out defensive wars 4. War Debts & Reparations – Europe couldn’t pay war debts. a. France & GB owed US b. Germany owed France & GB c. Germany couldn’t pay France & GB d. So France & GB couldn’t pay US 5. 1924: Dawes Plan – US plan to improve German economy so it could pay - failed

B. The Rise of Dictators - after WWI, US hoped to aid in the establishment of democracy throughout the world. Instead, in the 1920s-30s, totalitarian gov’ts appeared in Italy, Germany, and the USSR – ALL used terror and force to suppress the opposition

1. Mussolini - Italy (Il Duce) a. Problems in Italy 1) Scorn for Versailles Treaty – didn’t get Austrian territory 2) Economy failing, political and class tensions 3) unemployment, inflation led to strikes, fear of Communism b. Mussolini blamed problems on Communists, corrupt biz leaders & weak politicians – promised to restore to Italy the honor, glory & prosperity of ancient Roman Empire

c. founded Fascist party in 1919 1) Fascism stresses nationalism and the supreme authority of the leader 2) believed nations made great by expanding territory and building up military 3) nation more important than individual. Individualism = weakness Believe, Obey Fight “The function of a citizen and a soldier are inseparable”

4) anti-communist: stood for protection of pvt property & middle class; full employment for industrial workers; social security; national prestige 5) organized blackshirts – militia used gang tactics to suppress strikes & attack leftist trade unions Mussolini with Blackshirts 1922

Benito Mussolini Il Duce

2. Stalin Takes Over the USSR a. Bolshevik Revolution 1917 b. Instituted one-party rule, suppressed individual liberties, punished opponents c. Stalin advocated rapid industrialization, state control of farms – his methods caused famine and starvation. Kept control through series of purges, killing or imprisoning political enemies and possible opposition

Josef stalin

3. Hitler & Nazism a. political & economic chaos in post WWI Germany - Weimar Republic: Democratic, but weak & ineffective. No democratic experience - workers support Communists; upper class wants return to monarchy b. humiliated by terms of WWI surrender Von Hindenburg

Terms of Treaty of Versailles

c. blamed probs on Communists, foreign powers who stripped Germany of its land & military abilities at Versailles, and Jews who controlled world finances d. Mein Kampf: Hitler outlines his plan for Germany (from jail1923) e. Rose to power through Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party) - Nazism = fanatical ideas of nationalism and German racial superiority

f. Hitler became President in 1934. Called himself derfuhrer. Vowed to: 1) rebuild German economy 2) restore lands lost after WWI 3) to rearm Germany (in defiance of Treaty of Versailles - Hitler “put in power” by group of bankers, biz men, generals

Adolf Hitler

4. Francisco Franco - Spain a. Spanish Civil War 1936 – republican govtvs fascists b. Germany & Italy helped arm Franco’s fascist forces (German arms, weapons, tactics are battle tested) c. USSR helped loyalists. GB, France, US did nothing d. Democracy lost

Francisco Franco "Our regime is based on bayonets and blood, not on hypocritical elections.“ Francisco Franco

Ernest Hemingway was moved to write the following words after witnessing the treachery and wastage of the ignominious Spanish Civil War: "They wrote in the old days that it is sweet and fitting to die for one's country. But in modern war there there is nothing sweet or fitting in your dying. You will die like a dog for no good reason." Ernest HemingwayNotes for the Next War

5. Militarists Gain Control of Japan a. background. 1920s: Japan had close ties with West, was developing democratic system b. But economy suffering – trade deficit, unemployment etc. c. Nationalists/Military leaders, some biz leaders urged return to glory of Japan’s past with absolute rule by emperor - Japan destined to dominate East Asia - Preached virtues of territory expansion

d. Why Expand? 1) expanding population 2) economic expansion (defense contracts) 3) lack of natural resources e. Sept 1931: military (w/o support of gov’t) invaded Manchuria, a resource-rich province of China

f. Japanese civilian gov’t tried to intervene. Prime Minister and many other supporters of democracy assassinated g. Series of military officers now serving as PM h. League of Nations complained – Japan simply withdrew from L of N

C. America Turns to Neutrality - America supports Isolationism – the belief that the US should avoid int’l commitments that might drag US into another foreign war 1. The Nye Committee a. Isolationism grew in popularity. Why? 1) war debt – Europeans weren’t paying loans 2) belief that US arms manufacturers influenced WWI

Nye Committee Findings

b. Nye Committee – confirmed that arms manufacturers made huge profits – believed these companies influenced US decision to enter war

2. Legislating Neutrality a. Neutrality Act (1935) – barred sale of munitions to all belligerents b. Spanish Civil war (1936) - this Neutrality Act passed to ban sale of arms to either side in a civil war c. Rome-Berlin Axis followed by Anti- Comintern Act (Japan & Germany agree to exchange info about commies) – - thus, Germany Japan, Italy = Axis Powers d. Neutrality Act of 1937 – US reaction to Rome-Berlin Axis – continued ban on arms sales + “cash & carry” requirement

3. Roosevelt & Internationalism a. FDR an internationalist – trade btwn nations creates prosperity & helps prevent war b. Japan attacks China again in July 1937 – FDR ok’s sale of weapons to China - this he says, is legal, as neither side declared war A survivor after intense bombing during the Japanese attack on Shanghai's South Station. August 1937.

Rape of Nanking Btwn Dec.1937 and March 1938 Japanese troops captured Nanking (then the Capital of China) and embarked on a campaign of murder, rape and looting. An estimated 250,000 and 300,000 (out of 600,000 total) killed, many of them women and children. # women raped is estimated at 20,000+ w/ many accts of civilians being hacked to death. Like other genocides, some refute this atrocity (acct by BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/39166.stm)

Rape of Nanking Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese, in “Nanking.” Japanese soldiers carrying rifles on their shoulders walk across a bridge, through a pillared gate, into the walled city of Nanking, China.

Nuremberg Laws

1941-1945
Chapter 20
America in WWII

AlliesvsAxis Germany Italy Japan Great Britain France US USSR The Big Four: + many others

Mobilizing for War US = Arsenal of Democracy A. Converting the Economy 1. Industrial power: US = 2X production of Germany/5X of Japan 2. US fought & won a 2-front war against 2 powerful military empires - forcing each to surrender unconditionally a. US expanded war production May/June 1940 - Fall of France b.Although still neutral, Americans willing to build up defenses Arsenal of Democracy

3. Govt incentives for quick production a. cost-plus contracts: fast production = higher profits b. RFC: funneled $ to key industries - to cover cost of converting to war production - by summer 1942- all major industries & 200,000 + companies converted to war production c. GNP rose dramatically - 1939 = $88.6 B; 1944 = $198.7B d. Depression over! 17m jobs added! - even underemployment!

Depression Over!

B. American Industry Gets the Job Done 1. Role of Auto Industry a. auto industry best for mass production of military equipment b. US mobility outclassed the enemy - auto industry produced jeeps +2 ½ ton truck - moved troops & supplies quickly. (Germans relied on animal transport)

c. Willow Run - Ford Motor Co. Instead of mass producing cars, produced B-24 (Heavy Bomber) - new airplane every 63 minutes

Willow Run was the embodiment of American ingenuity, perseverance and productivity. Here are some of the statistics: · 488,193 parts · 30,000 components · 24 Major subassemblies · Peak production = 25 units/day · 25,000 initial engineering drawings · Ten model changes in six years · Thousands of running changes · 34,533 employees at peak · 100% Productivity provement

d. auto industry produced ~ 1/3 military equipment manufactured during the war e. govt contracts went mostly to lrgcompanies - best suited to produce war goods quickly & in great volume - in 1940: 100 largest companies produced 30% of all manufactured goods. - In 1945: 70%!

2. Building Liberty Ships a. basic cargo ship of WWII b. welded instead of riveted - hard to sink - could get back to port for repairs & back to svc Photograph of a Liberty ship in the water immediately after launching from the J.A. Jones Construction Company shipyard, Brunswick, Georgia, 1943-1945?]

3. War Production Board (WPB) - organized the shift of the economy to wartime production a. set priorities & production goals b. allocated natural resources ex. factories that made nylon hose, made nylon parachutes

War Production Board guidelines for garment manufacture 1942

C. Building an Army 1. Selective Service & Training Act 1940 a. 1st peacetime draft in US history b. many volunteered, but 9.9m drafted

2. You're in the Army Now a. "GI" govt issue - became nickname for any US Soldier b. basic training provided sense of unity, "sense of kinship" One of Time Magazine’s most important people of the century: The American GI

3. A Segregated Army a. whites did not train w/ blacks b. blacks used separate facilities c. black in same unit under white officers d. blacks often out of combat, into construction & supply units Keesler Field's first class of Negro airplane mechanics graduated August 1944. Physical fitness and markmanship were stressed at the Basic Training Center during the last six months of 1944. Class 68 of Section U established a physical fitness record during the late summer of 1944 when it attained an average physical fitness score of 71.5%. All the members of this pre-aviation cadet class qualified with the carbine and the average score of the class in pistol marksmanship was 67.

4. Pushing for Double V a. despite racism in US, probably worse under Hitler so blacks support war b. Nat'l Urban League goals: 1) promote black participation in all aspects of war effort 2) plan for post-war US - more freedom/equality for blacks c. Double V campaign - victory over Hitler abroad/ victory over racism in US d. FDR orders military to recruit blacks & to allow blacks in combat

5. African Americans in Combat a. Tuskegee Airmen - fighter pilots in Army Air Corps - fought in Italy b.1943 - military bases integrated (military not completely integrated until 1948) Tuskegee Airmen Black and white soldiers at a US base in Italy during World War II.

6. Women join the Armed Forces a. Army enlists women - not for combat (freed up men for combat!) b. 200,000 in military c. WAC - Women's Army Corps d. 68,000+ nurses in army & navy

7. Americans Go to War a. not well trained at 1st, most had no prior military svc b. Sloppy image - yet performed well in battle - fewest combat casualties

Life on the Homefront A. Women & Minorities Gain Ground 1. Women in Defense Plants a. wartime labor shortage - married women recruited for industrial jobs b. Rosie the Riveter - posters used to recruit women - for the war effort c. 2.5 m women in war production industries Rosie the Riveter

2. African Americans Demand War Work a. Philip Randolph's threats lead to FDR's Executive Order 8802 June 1941 - no discrimination for defense industry jobs from race, creed, color or nat'l origin b. Fair Employment Practices Committee established - investigate unfair hiring practices (1st civil rights agency created since Reconstruction)

3. Mexicans become Farmworkers a. labor shortage in SW b. Bracero Program - contract labor for finding farm workers - brought in migrant farm workers from Mexico c. Other Mexicans brought in to build & maintain RRs

B. A Nation on the Move 1. Migration - creation of the Sunbelt - S & W led the way in manufacturing & urbanization 2.The Housing Crisis a. many in tents/trailers b. govt spent $1.2B on public housing, schools, etc during war c. 2 m in govt housing during war Quonset Huts rented out during a housing shortage for $32 per month for a maximum of three years. --1946

3. Racism Explodes into Violence a. Great Migration resumes - blacks moving to cities in N & W b. Detroit race riots June 1943 25 blacks/9 whites killed

4. Zoot Suit Riots a. S. Calif. - racial tensions + juvenile delinquency b. Zoot suits made many white Americans see Mexicans & Mex-Ams as unpatriotic - Zoot Suits took lots of fabric. Others were wearing "Victory Suits" - used less fabric to save it for the war c.LA responds to riots by banning zootsuit d. Still, many Mex-Ams joined war effort - 500,000 in military

Zoot Suit vs Victory Suit

5. Japanese American Relocation a. Nisei - naturalized or native born Jap- Am citizens b. Executive Order 9066 gave 117,000 48 hrs to report for relocation, where some spent 3 yrs interned c. Koramatsu v. US okayed it - military urgency d. 1988 - compensation program sent $200,000 to survivors

C. Daily Life in Wartime America 1.Wage & Price controls a. Office of Price Administration - set ceilings on rent, prices, wages & operated a rationing program (lots of black market activity though) - to control inflation 1) rationing - limited availability of products to make sure enough for military use (meat, sugar, gas, rubber etc) Rationing

b. War Labor Board - tried to keep workers happy - seized uncooperative companies, promoted better wages, conditions, (avg weekly wage = $43.39!)

2. Victory Gardens & Scrap Drives a. victory gardens ala WWI b. scrap drives - collected spare rubber, tin, aluminum c. oil drives - collected bacon grease, meat drippings in exchange for extra ration coupons - oils used in explosives Victory Gardens Scrap Drives

3. Paying for the War a. WWII cost ~ $250 m /day b. Spent $321B - 2X what we had spent in first 150 yrs as a nation c. 41% from taxes d. 59% from borrowing - E bonds Bond Drives

III. The Early Battles A. Holding the Line Against Japan 1. Planning against Japanese Navy a. Admiral Chester Nimitz – commander of US Navy in Pacific ( From Fredericksburg, TX!!) b. What the Japanese missed at Pearl Harbor  ? The aircraft carriers!!! c. But difficult to stop Jap. advance in SE Asia

2. Dec. 1941 – few hrs after Pearl Harbor, Japan attacks US airfields in Philippines – invades 2 days later a. US & Filipino troops led by Douglas MacArthur retreat to Bataan peninsula - FDR orders MacArthur to evacuate – his promise to Filipino people? I Shall Return!! - April 1942:78,000 American and Filipinos surrender to become POWs of Japan

b. Bataan Death March - 65 mi march to Jap. POW camp - sick, tired, starving – thousands die c. Corregidor – fell to Japan May 1942

Bataan Death March This picture, captured from the Japanese, shows American prisoners using improvised litters to carry those of their comrades who, from the lack of food or water on the march from Bataan, fell along the road.� Philippines, May 1942

3. The Doolittle Raids – April 1942 a. US wanted to bomb Japan, but carriers couldn’t get close enough to launch short-range bomber planes b. Solution? Use medium range B-25s c. These could take off from carrier, but couldn’t land – plan to land in China d. Led by Lt. James Doolittle, 16 B-25s took off from USS Hornet – bombed Japan! e. Results? - little actual damage to Japan - morale improves in US  - morale sinks in Japan  - Japan changes strategy – prepares for assault on Midway

Raids in Cartoons

4. The Battle of Coral Sea - May 1942 a. Jap. plan to cut off US supply line to Australia by capturing s. coast of New Guinea b. US had broken Jap. Navy code  c. Sent USS Yorktown & Lexington to defend New Guinea d. all out airstrikes against e/o from carriers e. Lexington sunk, Yorktown damaged f. But Jap. called off invasion of N.Guinea g. US supply lines stayed open!

Battle of Coral Sea USS Lexington explodes on May 8, 1942, several hours after being damaged by a Japanese carrier air attack.

5. Battle of Midway – June 1942 a. US code-breakers learned of Jap. plan to attack Midway  b. Nimitz orders ambush of Jap. fleet c. US was outnumbered ~ 4 – 1, but sunk 4 Jap. carriers, shot down 38 planes d. Jap. forced to retreat  e. Turning point: stopped the Jap. Advance in the Pacific!!

Battle of Midway June 1942

Battle of Midway Navy Dive Bombers flying in Douglass airplanes, “Dauntless” win the day!!! SBD "Dauntless" dive bombers from USS Hornet (CV-8) approaching the burning Japanese heavy cruiser Mikuma to make the third set of attacks on her, during the early afternoon of 6 June 1942.

Battle of Midway Midway is an atoll, a ring of coral islands. Total land area = 3 sq. miles Midway today Turning point in the Pacific – Japanese offensive stopped!

B. Turning back the German Army - Early 1942: US strategy was to take a defensive stance in the Pacific - Agreed with European Allies to adopt a “Europe First” policy a. USSR (Stalin) urged US to open 2nd western front in Europe - to take pressure off USSR (doing most of fighting!) b.Brits (Churchill): US & Britsnot ready for lrg invasion of Europe - focus attack periphery - FDR orders invasion of N. Africa

1. The North African Campaign 11/42-5/43 a. Operation Torch – US/Brit operation, but presented to French as only US b/c anti-British sentiment is high among many French officials b. Germans & Italians held much of NA. Vichy French (German-friendly French) gov’t hold Morocco, Algeria Threatened Brit controlled Egypt & Suez Canal

Operation Torch

c. German forces led by Rommel (the Desert Fox) d. Brits halt Germans push east at Battle of El- Alamein (Egypt)

e. Allies capture French North Africa. All French North African territories (except Tunisia) then aligned themselves to the Allied side f. US forces under Patton push east and trap Germans btwn US and Brit forces

g. German forces in North Africa surrender h. ~ 350k German & Italians killed or captured i. paved the way for future Allied invasion of Sicily and mainland Italy (Europe’s soft underbelly)

2. Battle of the Atlantic a. Allied convoys vs. German U-Boats and other warships b. Dates: 1939-1945 c. Military Branch: Navy + Air Corp + Civilians d. Germany’s plan 1) aim to prevent food & war material from reaching Brits and USSR 2) patrol US coastal waters in U Boats “wolfpacks” – sunk 1.2 tons of shipping, 360 ships including oil tankers – force oil rationing in US

e. US response? 1) cities dim lights, blackout curtains, drive w/o lights 2) built 1st long oil pipeline from TX – PA 3) convoys ! - cargo ships travel in grps escorted by destroyers 4) New technology: radar, sonar, depth charges 5) by spring 1943, Allies in control of Atlantic

Battle of the Atlantic Solution! Problem?

Convoy vs U-Boat

3. Battle of Stalingrad 1942 a. German Plan? - to destroy USSR economy - key to capture oilfields, farms, and industry - by capturing Stalingrad, Germs thought USSR would be cut off from resources needed to stay in war b. The battle - constant bombing & artillery fire - sniper activity For Hollywood version of this battle, see “Enemy at the Gates”

c. Result? - Nov. 1942, USSR surrounds Germans – 9000 surrender d. Significance? - turning point! Stopped German offensive on their eastern front

Battle of Stalingrad

Pushing the Axis Back A. Striking back at the Third Reich 1. Casablanca Conference Jan 1943 - FDR and Churchill agree to… a. escalate bombing of Germany b. demand unconditional surrender c. Attack Sicily – the soft underbelly of Europe

Europe’s Soft Underbelly

2. Strategic Bombing Campaign a. air war b. goal? To bomb select military targets to disrupt German war production capability c. Brits bomb by night, US bombs by day Bombs Away!

Strategic Bombing Campaign B-24s from the 450th Bomb group based in Italy on a bomb run

Bomb Damage: Berlin

Bombing the Ploesti Oil RefineryRomania Aug 1943

Effects of Allied Air Bombing

3. Striking at the Soft Underbelly a. Invasion of Sicily July 1943 b. DUKW – new amphibious truck – brought supplies and artillery to soldiers on the beach c. Invasion successful – Germans evacuate w/in 8 days of invasion DUKW bringing in supplies to Seventh Infantry troops in Sicily

Europe’s Soft Underbelly

d. After Sicily lost - Mussolini out! - king arrests Mussolini and new Italian gov’t begins to negotiate with Allies for surrender (9/8/43) e. US invades mainland Italy in south at Salerno

Invasion of Italy

f. Germany, fearing loss of Italy, seizes Northern Italy and Rome – attacks US forces at Salerno – rescues Mussolini from prison and puts him back in power g. after 5 mos. of fighting, Allies break through German lines at Anzio and Cassini in May 1944

h. Allies capture Rome on June 4, 1944 - but Germans still held strong in the north of Italy

Allied Liberation of RomeJune 4, 1944

4. Tehran Conference a. Tehran, Iran Nov/Dec 1943 b. FDR (US), Stalin (USSR), Churchill (Gr. Brit) c. Leaders agreed to… 1) Stalin agreed to an offensive against Germany when Allies invade France 2) FDR & Stalin agreed to break up Germany to eliminate future threats 3) Stalin pledged to help US defeat Japan after defeat of Germany 4) Accepted idea of int’l peace org after war

Tehran Conference Left to right: Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill on the verandah of the Soviet Embassy in Tehran during the Tehran Conference.

B. Landing in France 1. Operation Overlord - codename for invasion (liberation) of France a. Gen Eisenhower put in command b. Germans led to believe that invasion will occur at Pas-de- Calais (actual target = Normandy) - narrowest pt of English Channel - set up “dummy” invasion force near Dover (fictitious 1st Army Group, false radio traffic, inflatable tanks, empty tents, Gen. Patton sent there) - one of most successful deception operation of the war  US Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Commander Allied Forces

Operation Fortitude Mission? To deceive Germany – convince them that the invasion would take place at Pas-de-Calais Intended Invasion Point Deceptive Invasion Point An inflatable dummy tank, modeled after the M4 Sherman

2. The intricacies of the plan a. invasion had to begin at night to hide ships crossing English Channel b. low tide had to be at dawn so gunners bombarding coast could see their targets c. paratroopers had to be dropped behind enemy lines by night – but needed moonlight so they could see where to land d. Most important? Needed good weather! (storms would ground planes, high waves would flood landing craft)

3. Invasion Day = D-Day June 6, 1944 a. ~ 7000 ships + 100,000 soldiers + 23,000 paratroopers + fighter planes etc. = largest invasion force in history! b. Code names for landing beaches in Normandy: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword and Juno - US forces on Omaha Beach faced greatest losses (2500 KIA/WIA) c.end of the day June 6, 1944: invasion successful! US, British, and Canadian troops had secured a foothold on the beaches of France! (Germans thought this was a diversion – thought “real” invasion was yet to come at Calais) d. Military significance? Opens a western front in Europe – Germans now being squeezed by the Allies from the east, west, and south (Italy) See opening scene of “Saving Private Ryan” for realistic portrayal of the fight for Omaha Beach Read: “ A Day for Heroes” in textbook pg 638-9) Great Reagan speech about D-Day: http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreaganddayaddress.html

Navies bombed German Gun Batteries from the sea to weaken German defenses along the “Atlantic Wall” enabling invasion forces to storm the beaches

C. Driving the Japanese Back 1. Strategy? Island Hopping Campaign a. advance through Pacific by hopping from one island to another – getting closer and closer to Japan b. needed to be close enough to use our heavy bomber airplanes against Japan Admiral Chester Nimitz: Commander of Pacific Fleet

Island Hopping Campaign

c. Geographic challenge: many islands = coral reef atolls - water over reef not deep enough for landing craft - soldiers wade to the beach = easy targets

d. Objective #1: Tarawa Nov. 1943 - 20 ships run aground on reefs. - soldiers wade to the beach in shoulder-high water while being raked by Jap. fire - only 1/3 marines makes it ashore - 1000 marines KIA - highlighted the importance of amphtrac vehicles “alligators”

Tarawa Tarawa today

e. next target? Marshall Islands Feb ‘44 - all troops ashore on amphtracs - fewer US casualties f. next hop? Mariana Islands summer 1944 - goal to secure these as base for B-29 Superfortress (could fly further than any plane in the world - US forces capture Saipan, Tinian, Guam by Aug 1944 - few months later, B-29s bombing Japan!

2. Mac Arthur returns to the Philippines a. Begins w/ invasion of Guadalcanal Aug 1942 (this last thru early ’44)

Oct. 1944 b. MacArthur returns to the Philippines w/ assault on the Japanese at Leyte - fulfills his promise, “I shall return” Gen. MacArthur returns to the Philippines Oct 1944

c. Battle of Leyte Gulf Oct. 1944 - Jap. attempts to stop invasion at Leyte results in the largest naval engagement in history - 1st time Japanese use kamikaze attacks USS St. Louis hit by a kamikaze off Leyte, Nov. 27, 1944

d. MacArthur’s troops capture Manila capital of Philippines) Aug. 1945 e. Campaign to recapture Philippines from Japanese was very bloody - 80,000 Japanese troop deaths - only 1000 Japanese surrendered! - 100,000 Filipino civilians killed Manila City Hall Fallen Jap. soldier

Unit 6: Global Struggles

Télécharger la présentation

Plus de contenu associé

Unit 6:Global Struggles

Chapter 19

Chapter 20