1. Final Exam Study Guide Allusion: A brief reference to a person, place, thing, event, or idea in history or literature. EX- Scout’s reference to Adolf Hitler in TKM Aside: A character is not alone on stage, yet makes comments meant only for the audience to hear. EX- Macbeth admits that Malcolm is an obstacle in his way to become king. Attention Grabber: An opening statement that grabs the reader’s attention and makes the reader want to continue reading your essay EX- There are five different types of attention grabbers: question, anecdote, imagine, fact, quote. Autobiography: Form of non-fiction in which a person tells his or her own story. EX- Night is an autobiographical work written by Wiesel.

2. Final Exam Study Guide Characterization: Act of creating and developing a character Indirect and direct. Climax: High point of interest or suspense. EX- When the kids are attacked in TKM Clincher statement: Concluding sentence in a paragraph that connects your paragraph back to your thesis statement. EX- As evident, Atticus demonstrates incredible parenting skills, which is why he will always be remembered that way. Closing argument: Powerful words spoken in a last attempt to persuade the jury.EX- Atticus’ closing words at the trial. Comic relief: A humorous scene or incident that alleviates tension in an otherwise serious work. EX- The scene with the drunk Porter in Macbeth after King Duncan is killed

3. Final Exam Study Guide Conflict (two types): Struggle within the plot – man in conflict with self (internal) – man in conflict with man (external) –man in conflict with nature EX- - Atticus strives to do what is right even though he is sacrificing the safety of his children - Jews in conflict with the Nazis Direct Characterization: Author directly states a character’s personality traits EX- Atticus treats people with respect Exposition: Beginning of plot diagram - introduces setting, characters, and conflict. EX- Scout and Jem are introduced in Maycomb County and Scout has broken his arm Figurative Language: Words used in an imaginative, non-literal sense. EX- Similes, metaphors, personification, etc.

4. Final Exam Study Guide Flashback: Literary device that serves as an interruption in the action to show a scene that took place earlier EX- TKM is a flashback – story of how Jem breaks his arm Foil: A character whose behavior and values contrast with those of another character in order to highlight the distinctive temperament of that character EX- Macbeth and Banquo, Atticus and Mr. Ewell Foreshadow: Suggestion of events to come EX- Macbeth’s visions of daggers Hyperbole: An exaggeration EX- I love you to death Imagery: Words used to create vivid images, appeal to the five senses EX- The room smelled like fresh apple pie

5. Final Exam Study Guide Indirect characterization: Readers infer personality traits based on comments and actions of the character and comments and actions of other characters EX- People in Sighet turned to Elie Weisel’s father for guidance while in the ghetto. This means he must have been a wise and respected man. Metaphor: Comparisons between two unlike things that do not use the words like or as EX- School is heaven MLA citation: Modern Language Association style of citing sources EX- (Lee 113) Mood: Atmosphere or the feeling created in the reader by a literary work. EX- A creepy and eerie mood is established in Act 1. Scene 1 of Macbeth

6. Final Exam Study Guide Oxymoron: A combination of two contradictory ideas EX- Jumbo shrimp Personification: Speaking of an inanimate object as human. EX- The test stared at me Plot: Sequence of events in a literary work EX- Exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, dénouement

7. Final Exam Study Guide Point of view (three different types): Perspective or vantage point from which a story is told –First-person: narrator is a character in the story and refers to himself or herself with the first-person pronoun I. The story is told through the perspective of the narrator. –Third-person omniscient: narrator knows all and tells what each character feels and thinks –Third-person limited: narrator relates the inner thoughts and feelings of only one character, and everything is viewed from this character’s perspective

8. Final Exam Study Guide Setting: Time and place EX- Night – Poland and Hungary, 1939-1945 Short story: Brief work of fiction meant to entertain or instruct the listener EX- “Popular Mechanics” by Raymond Carver Soliloquy: A character is along on stage and reveals his/her true thoughts and feelings EX- Macbeth reveals his conflicted feelings about murdering Duncan Symbol: Something that stands for something else EX- Mockingbird stands for innocence Theme: Central message or insight into life revealed in a literary work EX- Night teaches us about the strength of the human spirit and of family bonds

9. Final Exam Study Guide Tone: Writer’s attitude toward his or her subject, characters or audience EX- The tone of Atticus’ closing argument is both serious and passionate Topic sentence: First sentence of a paragraph that clearly state the main point of your paragraph EX- First of all, Atticus will be remembered as an excellent father. Tragic hero: Character in a work of fiction who exhibits a tragic flaw which eventually leads to his or her downfall EX- One could argue that Macbeth is a tragic hero who is brought down by his own ambition Understatement: Expressing an idea with less emphasis; opposite of the hyperbole. EX- Having my car stolen is a minor inconvenience

10. Final Exam Study Guide Kitty Genovese: 28 year-old young woman who was brutally murdered in NYC while 38 people witnessed her murder and did nothing; sparked national attention Harper Lee: Harper Lee is the female author of TKM and published her book in 1960. Her childhood parallels the life of Scout in many ways. At first, her novel received mixed reviews and eventually earned her the Pulitzer Prize in 1961. Despite the national attention, Lee lived a private life. Her novel is now considered a masterpiece of American literature. Paul Rusesabagina: A hotel manager who housed over one thousand Tutsis refugees during their struggle against the Hutu militia in Rwanda and is the subject of the movie Hotel Rwanda. The movie focuses on the Rwanda genocide in 1994.

11. Final Exam Study Guide William Shakespeare (1564-1616): Considered to be one of the greatest playwrights to ever live; wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets Elie Wiesel: Holocaust survivor, author, teacher, humanitarian, Noble Peace Prize winner whose stories help teach the world about injustice and apathy.

12. Final Exam Study Guide Vocab: There will be a vocab section with 20 words that will ask you to tell me what the part of speech is and the definition. Along with the vocab, there will be a section that asks you to use up to 10 vocab words in a sentence.

13. Final Exam Study Guide Opulence: Noun Wealth; Affluence Presumptuous: Adjective Overconfident Resplendent: Adjective Shining Brilliantly; Gleaming; Splendid

14. Final Exam Study Guide Terse: Adjective Brief; To the Point; Concise Presumptuous: Adjective Overconfident Resplendent: Adjective Shining Brilliantly; Gleaming; Splendid

15. Final Exam Study Guide Effervescent: Adjective Bubbly; Excited Burgeon: Verb To Grow; To Develop Milieu: Noun Environment

16. Final Exam Study Guide Assail: Verb To attack violently with words or force Abeyance: Noun State of Termination Diversion: Noun Something that takes away attention

17. Final Exam Study Guide Colloquial: Adjective Characteristic of informal conversation Illustrate: Verb To clarify through examples of comparisons Analyze: Verb To separate into parts and study

18. Final Exam Study Guide Immaculate: Adjective Perfect Prejudice: Noun Adverse judgment or opinion; Preconceived notion Tolerance: Noun The acceptance of others’ beliefs or ideas

19. Final Exam Study Guide Antiquated: Adjective Old or Out of Date Verbose: Adjective Wordy Winsome: Adjective Charming

20. Final Exam Study Guide • Concede: • Verb • To accept as valid; to give way to • Elaborate: • Verb • Detailed • Malevolent: • Adjective • Evil

21. Final Exam Study Guide