Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:

1. Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Etruscans decline after Grks beat them Rome allies with one tribe vs. others Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Latins are more loyal & reliable allies Rome defeats the hill tribes Rome stays free from Etruscans Etruscans still a threat in the N. Rome able to expand vs. its enemies (FC.28)

2. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27)

3. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Next big enemy?

4. Seen as gigantic barbarians (possibly from a higher protein diet), charging wildly, and oftentimes naked, into battle with blood-curdling cries, the Gauls inspired terror in their civilized foes.

5. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians

6. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

7. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor Impact on the Roman Army?

8. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to do what? They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

9. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

10. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

11. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

12. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

13. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

14. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

15. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

16. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

17. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

18. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • The Gauls • Man wanted to avenge wife’s • rape Lures Gauls to It. w/wine • More likely entered Italy as • Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's • Negot's for Clusium • Roman kills Gaul in duel • Gauls sack Rome & besiege • Capitoline Hill for 7 months • - “Woe to the vanquished” • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor How did Rome keep control of its conquests? Two ways Rome kept control of its conquests? PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

19. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests What did Rome do to move armies more quickly? PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

20. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

21. The Roman way of war: roads and colonies. The Romans approached war strategically in ways that went far beyond the battlefield. This especially involved roads and colonies. While the Greeks saw colonies as ways of getting rid of excess population and gaining access to remote resources, the Romans used them for increasing the number of citizens available for the army and securing their hold on conquered lands. This was especially true during the Second Samnite War (326-304 BCE). Here we see the Romans have founded colonies to secure their hold on lands bordering the Samnites and serve as staging areas for future campaigns. They have also placed three colonies inside Samnite territory to control strategic roads and passes and provide early warnings of impending Samnite attacks.

22. Several years later, Rome has secured tentative control over the brown area by founding two more colonies there. It has also further encroached on the remaining Samnite territory with two more colonies to serve as advanced outposts for future campaigns.

33. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

34. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

35. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

36. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

37. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army

38. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340 BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy

39. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Environmental changes • No primogeniture Split lands •  Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres •  Soil exhaustion • Graze sheep & goats on hills •  Deforest.Hotter & drier clim. • Harvest moved fr. Aug June • Latin revolt (343-340 BCE) •  Latin league broken up • - Colonies in Campania: Cales, • Acerrae, Fregellae, Privernum • 2nd Samnite War (326-304 BCE) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340 BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy

40. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340 BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy

41. Pyrrhus of Epirus was a distant cousin of Alexander the Great. His ambition was to conquer an empire in the West to rival that of the Macedonian king. He got his opportunity when Tarentum offered to buy his services in their war against Rome.

42. Although the Romans lost their first battles against Pyrrhus, they fought bravely and inflicted enough casualties to make his victories basically meaningless. Even today, we refer to a victory won at great cost as “pyrrhic”.

43. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340 BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Romans rule Italy through: Colonies guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace

44. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • 2nd Samnite War (326-304 BCE) - Roman phalanx trapped in mtn. • pass @ Caudine Forks •  Copy Samnite tactics • Armed w/pilum (javelin), sword, • armor, helmet, & oblong shield • Cross b/w hoplite & peltast •  More flexible formations •  Can move fresh troops to front • & adjust quickly to changes • Vict's even for mediocre gen'ls • Romans win 2nd Samnite War •  3rd Sam. War (295-290 BCE) • Pyrrhus of Epirus • War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus • of Epirus to fight vs. Romans • Ritual of declaring war • - Elephants incl. dwarf elephants • Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth • the cost Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340 BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Romans rule Italy through: Colonies guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace

46. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • Pyrrhus of Epirus • War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus • of Epirus to fight vs. Romans • Ritual of declaring war • - Elephants incl. dwarf elephants • Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth • the cost • Roman rule in Italy • Late300s-early 100s- Rome est. • 53 colonies in Italy in areas • open to attack, newly conq. • areas, & @ strategic locations • (e.g.- river & road crossings) • - Latin colonies 2500-6k settlers • Subject states not taxed, only • had to follow Rome in war. Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340 BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Romans rule Italy through: Colonies guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace

47. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) • 2nd Samnite War (326-304 BCE) - Roman phalanx trapped in mtn. • pass @ Caudine Forks •  Copy Samnite tactics • Armed w/pilum (javelin), sword, • armor, helmet, & oblong shield • Cross b/w hoplite & peltast •  More flexible formations •  Can move fresh troops to front • & adjust quickly to changes • Vict's even for mediocre gen'ls • Romans win 2nd Samnite War •  3rd Sam. War (295-290 BCE) • Pyrrhus of Epirus • War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus • of Epirus to fight vs. Romans • Ritual of declaring war • - Elephants incl. dwarf elephants • Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth • the cost Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340 BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Romans rule Italy through: Colonies guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace Rome ready to expand into the Mediterranean (FC.29)

48. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.) *** Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes(FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome recoversfrom Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) Lands on which to settle Roman poor Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Able to conquer more lands They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340 BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Romans rule Italy through: Colonies guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace Rome ready to expand into the Mediterranean (FC.29)